Transcript Country case study of Iran on fugitive emissions Mohammad Soltanieh

Addressing the Problems and Gaps in
Estimating the GHG Inventory from Fugitive
Sources During Preparation of the Initial National
Communication of Iran
Presented by :
Mohammad Soltanieh
National Project Manager
Climate Change Office
Department of Environment
Islamic Republic of Iran
UNFCCC’s CGE Hands-on Training Workshop on National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories
8-12 Feb., 2005
Shanghai, China
Presentation Overview
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Energy sector in Iran
GHG inventory and share of the fugitive emissions
Trend of fugitive emissions in Iran
Problems and gaps in estimating the fugitive GHG
inventory for Initial National Communication
What are the approaches for removing the barriers
in preparing the 2nd National Communication
Energy sector in Iran:
Energy sector and its share in GDP
16000
14000
Se rvice s
12000
10000
C onstruction
Wate r,
Ele ctricity and
Gas
8000
O il
6000
Manufacturing
4000
2000
0
1989
Mining
Agriculture
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
GDP Growth by Sector(bn. Rial- constamt price 1982)
1998
1999
Energy sector in Iran:
Trend of primary energy production, domestic consumption,
import and export (MBOE, 1971-2002)
Production
Im port
Export
Dom estic Supply
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
Energy sector in Iran:
Energy balance in 2002
O thers
0%
Export
48%
Final
consumption
39%
Consumed
by energy
industry
4%
Losses
9%
Energy sector in Iran:
Contribution of oil products in sectoral energy demand(%)
Res./Com. Buildings
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Pow er Plants
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381
Energy sector in Iran :
Trend of CO2 emissions by fuel type
(Fuel combustion-ktonnes)
Petroleum Products
Natural Gas
Solid Fuel
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
19
99
19
97
19
95
19
93
19
91
19
89
19
87
19
85
19
83
19
81
19
79
19
77
19
75
19
73
19
71
0
Energy sector in Iran:
Trend of CO2 emission per capita (tonnes/capita)
and per GDP (tonnes/Mn. Rial-constant price 1982 )
per capita
20
per GDP
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
National GHG Inventory :
Contribution of different sectors to total CO2 Eq.
emissions in 1994 (Gg)
Sources
CO2
CH4
N2O
285,891
1,559
8.79
Fuel Combustion
254,354
80.6
8.8
Fugitive Emissions
31,537
1,478
0.0
24,754
1.9
2.2
0.0
643
54.2
31,417
7.0
0.04
0.0
326.7
4.6
Total GHG Emissions
342,062
2,538
69.9
GWP
1
21
310
Total CO2 Equivalent
342,062
53,291
21,658
1 .Energy
2 .Industry
3 .Agriculture
4 .Forestry
5 .Waste
Total
417,010
National GHG Inventory :
Contribution of different sectors to total CO2 Eq.
emissions in 1994 (%)
Agri cul ture
7%
Forest
8%
W aste
2%
`
I ndustry
6%
Energy
77%
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Fugitive sources are responsible for 9.2% of the total CO2, 58%
of the total CH4 and 15% of the total GHG emissions,
respectively.
National GHG Inventory :
Contribution of different energy sub-sectors to GHG
emissions in 1994 (Gg)
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Sources
CO2
CH4
N2O
Fuel Combustion
254,354
80.6
8.8
Fugitive Emissions
31,537
1,478
0.0
Total GHG Emissions
285,891
1,559
8.8
GWP
1
21
310
Total CO2 Equivalent
285,891
32,740
2,726
Total
321,357
The table shows that fugitive emissions are responsible for 11%
of the CO2 emission and 95% of the CH4 emission in energy
sector.
National GHGs Inventory :
Contribution of different fugitive emission sources to the
total fugitive emissions in 1994 (Gg)
Sources
CO2
CH4
Fugitive Emissions (total)
31,537
1,478
Oil Activities
41.9
Gas Activities
491.6
Venting & Flaring
Coal Mining
31,537
931
14.5
Trend of fugitive emissions in Iran
CO2 and methane emissions from fugitive sources (Gg)
CO2 from Flaring
CO2 Equ. Of Methane
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1990
1994
1998
2002
Fugitive Sources of Emission
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Oil Activities
–
–
–
–
–
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Gas Activities
–
–
–
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Exploration
Production
Transport
Refining
Storage
Production/Processing
Transmission/Distribution
Leakage
Venting and Flaring from Oil/Gas Production
Coal Mining
Problems and Gaps in Developing GHG
Inventory from Fugitive Sources (hot flare)
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Hot flaring in normal operations: Methane burning on well
heads and oil and gas refineries is one of the major CO2
emission sources and the IPCC 1996 Guidelines have not
provided the methodology for this type of GHG emission.
Expert judgment was used for estimations.
Cold flaring in drilling operations: No national emission
factors were available. Thus, for well drilling activity other
international emission factors were used which include: US
EPA (EPA-600/R96, 1996); Canadian Association of Petroleum
Producers (VOC and Methane Emissions for Canadian
Upstream Oil and Gas Industry, Calgary, AB 1999) and the
information from the Stockholm Environmental Institute,
Boston Center.
Problems and Gaps in Developing
GHG Inventory from Fugitive Sources
(hot flare)-continued
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In startup, overhaul of operations, accidents,
repair and maintenance operations: The
volume of gaseous components that are sent to the
flare is closely related to the type of process, skill
of the personnel, safety considerations and
systems and management, resulting in uncertain
estimation. Here again, rough estimates were
made by expert judgment.
Problems and Gaps in Developing GHG
Inventory from Fugitive Sources (cold flare)
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Leakage in pump stations and gas pipelines: The volume of
leakage is closely related to the level of repair and maintenance
operations and the type of technology. An average of 1% loss in
the gas pipeline was assumed.
The IPCC Tier 1 methodology was used for fugitive emissions
from oil refining, i.e. 1200 kg CH4/PJ of refined oil and for
storage 135 kg CH4/PJ of refined oil.
Leakage in unit operations and storage tanks: There is little
information available at national level for estimation of such
emissions, except for evaporative losses from storage and
handling of gasoline.
What are the approaches for removing the
barriers in preparing the 2nd National
Communication
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Installing the measurement tools in refinery flares.
Installing gas analyzers in refinery flares.
Using the mass balance approaches for estimation of GHG
emissions from process equipments.
Using the mass balance approaches in natural gas networks.
Installing measurement tools in storage tanks and using mass
balance approach.
Collecting activity data in storage tanks in terms of
throughput capacity instead of volume of crude oil and oil
products.
Thank you
For
Your attention.