Transcript Tourism - Wellsway School

TOURISM
Unit 1: section B
In the HUMAN paper you will have to answer 3 questions; 1 on
TOURISM and 1 on the CHANGING RURAL ENVIRONMENTS and 1
POPULATON CHANGE. The paper is 1:30hrs long therefore you
should aim to spend 30 minutes on each question.
The Syllabus
Opposite is a copy of
the syllabus for this unit
of work.
It should help you to
highlight any gaps in
your notes and
learning.
TOURISM IN AN LEDC – KENYA
A STUDY OF A SEASIDE
RESORT – BLACKPOOL
This will need to include;
•The historical development of
Blackpool
•Reasons for decline and decay in
Blackpool.
•Strategies for solving Blackpool’s
problems.
•How effective these strategies have
been.
•How the life cycle model of a resort
relates to Blackpool.
This will need to include;
•An understanding of the physical and human attractions
for tourism in Kenya.
•The positive effects of tourism e.g. what are the economic,
social and environmental benefits.
•The negative effects of tourism e.g. what are the
economic, social and environmental problems.
•Strategies for the future/.
TOURISM IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTSANTARCTICA
•The attractions of Antarctica and the provision for
tourists.
•How it is protected to ensure tourism can be
sustainable.
•Will these protection measures work for the
future?
Main Case
Studies
ECOTOURISM
This could be a study of Kenya and the Masai or it
could be a study of ecotourism in Ecuador or any other
relevant study. This would look at
•The environment for ecotourism
•How it is organised and run
•The benefits it brings to the locals.
•Is it really sustainable?
Key idea no.1
The global growth of tourism has seen the exploitation of a
range of different environments for holiday makers.
You need to be able to;
•Describe how global tourism has grown.
•Explain the reasons for the growth in tourism.
• Explain why different environments have the potential for
tourism.
•Explain why tourism is important to countries at different
levels of economic development e.g. MEDC and LEDC.
THE GLOBAL GROWTH OF TOURISM
DEFINITION – Tourism involves
activities that require travel from
home and staying away from
home for at least one night. This
includes holidays, business trips
and visiting friends and family.
Day trips to the coast or National
parks are also included in this
definition.
Tourism is the world’s fastest
growing industry.
It is the second largest industry
after oil.
Most countries in the world have
some form of tourism.
Holiday destinations are
expanding all the time.
TOURIST ARRIVALS BY AREA
QUESTION- DESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN
THE TRENDS SHOWN ON THE
GRAPH.
There are two elements to this question.
DESCRIBE – just describe what the graph is
showing.
•What is the overall trend?
•Which area has experienced the greatest
growth? Quote figures or percentages.
•Which are has experienced the least growth.
Quote figures.
•Which areas have only recently appeared on the
graph?
EXPLAIN – now give reasons for the trends.
•This will link to which countries are the richest
and can afford to travel.
•Disposable income.
•Attractions of the areas
•Connections between areas e.g.. language,
culture, former colonies.
REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF TOURISM
These can be divided into economic, social, technological and environmental reasons.
ECONOMIC
•
The growth in wages and disposable income so people have spare money to spend on holidays.
•
Cheaper air travel e.g.. low cost airlines – EasyJet, Ryan Air.
•
The growth of cheap package holidays that were affordable so more people were able to go on holiday It was not just for
the rich and middle classes.
•
The elderly have more money to spend in their retirement and take advantage of the out-of-season deals and are travelling
more.
•
As other countries develop economically (India and China) their populations have more disposable income and they also
begin to travel.
•
Competition between the tour operators keeps costs down which makes travel more affordable.
SOCIAL
•
People in rich countries have more leisure time.
•
Many people have taken early retirement so have more time to travel.
•
Holidays have become a necessity for many families to escape the pressures of modern life.
•
People want to experience new cultures.
•
There is a snob value for some people to be able to boast about their holiday destinations.
TECHNOLOGICAL
•
Improvements in transport and communications e.g. larger jet planes have made log haul flights easier so more
destinations are accessible.
•
Improvements in roads, motorways and airports.
•
Being able to book holidays independently on the internet which allows people to find bargains.
ENVIRONMENTAL
•
•
People in Northern Europe want to escape the unreliable summers.
The attraction of new exotic locations e.g. rainforests, skiing in high mountains, coral reefs, white sandy beaches, heritage
sites.
DIFFERENT TOURIST ENVIRONMENTS
Primary Resources- these are the reasons why tourism started in the first place e.g. the climate,
beaches , mountains. It also includes cultural and heritage sites e.g. the Pyramids.
Secondary Resources – those things that allow tourism to develop e.g. roads, airports, hotels,
restaurants et.
BEACHES
Coastal Areas
The attractions of these areas
include sun, sea, and sand.
UK resorts do not have the
guaranteed sunshine that places
like Spain have.
Many people are now attracted by
winter breaks in places like the
Caribbean and the Indian Ocean.
Mountains
• Mountains provide snow for
skiing in the Winter. It
cannot be guaranteed in
Scotland but it is in the
Alps.
• The mountains provide
spectacular scenery in
summer and winter.
• The mountains can be used
for a variety of activities in
summer which can include
walking, mountain biking,
abseiling, hang gliding,
paragliding and any more.
CITIES
• Cities provide a range
of attractions.
• The buildings can be of
historical and cultural
importance.
• People visit opera
houses, sports
stadiums and
museums.
• They host major events
e.g. the London
Olympics 2012.
OTHER ENVIRONMENTS
• The growth of long haul flights has enabled people to
visit a wide variety of places and broaden their horizons.
• These include
 Rainforests – The Amazon
 Deserts – Egypt, Dubai
 Kenya/Tanzania – Safari
 Peru/Central America – ancient civilisations –Mayas,
Aztecs, Incas
 Antarctica – wilderness environment of glaciers and ice
caps.
THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM IN
COUNTRIES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
DEVELOPMENT
Globally tourism is big business and it is important to rich and poor countries.
Tourism provides jobs, foreign exchange which can be used to improve trade
both of which can help to improve the standard of living in any country. Tourism
receipts are about US$3 billion a day and this is shared by 80 countries around
the world.
Tourism can help to create the multiplier effect. This is when jobs are created.
The people employed in tourism spend their wages in the local community
which helps to keep local businesses open. The local businesses grow thus
creating more jobs.
Tourism can help to improve the infrastructure e.g. roads, airports, electricity
and water supplies, communications.
Local industries benefit as they are needed for construction, food processing
and handicrafts.
Tourists will also pay local taxes which increases revenue.
TOURISM IN THE ECONOMY
• Rich countries (MEDCs) have a broad economy and money is
earned from a wide range of industries and services. Tourism is only
one part of their economies. If tourism declines then they have other
industries to fall back on.
• For many poorer countries (LEDCs) tourism is the main source of
income because they do not have any natural resources to trade
e.g. small Caribbean Islands. 80% of Barbados’s national income
comes from tourism.
• It also stops other countries being totally reliant on one commodity
for their income e.g. bananas, sugar, copper etc.. These can be
subject to wide price fluctuations on the world market. Tourism is
seen as a way of increasing their income which will help
development and modernisation.
Key idea no. 2
• Effective management strategies are the key
to the continuing prosperity of tourist areas in
the UK.
• You must know about the importance of tourism to
the UK economy
• The external factors that affect visitor numbers
• All tourist resorts have a life cycle.
• A case study of a coastal resort to show how it has
grown and changed, the effectiveness of the
strategies it has used to cope with change and how
successful it will be for tourism in the future
CONTRIBUTION OF TOURISM TO
THE UK ECONOMY
This diagram
shows the
important
contribution
tourism makes to
the UK economy
either directly or
indirectly.
• http://www.visitbritain.org/britaintourismind
ustry/introbritainstourism/tourismmatters/in
dex.aspx
• On this link click on the PDF file “ The
value of tourism”. Here are a few key facts
and figures
THE IMPACT OF EXTERNAL FACTORS
Tourism can be affected by many things which may be difficult
to control. These could include;
 Currency – if the pound is strong and the dollar is weak then
fewer Americans will come to the UK because it will be too
expensive.
 Security – terrorist threats or recent incidents will deter
people.
 The state of the economy – are people willing to spend
money on a holiday.
 Media coverage – has there been good or bad publicity about
tourism in foreign newspapers.
The Life Cycle Model (Butler’s Model)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Small no. of visitors, few
tourist attractions, natural
attractions.
Local population sees
opportunities and starts to
provide services.
Large companies get
involved, tourist numbers
rise, jobs grow, some
advantages and
disadvantages.
Tourism is a major part of
the economy but some
facilities are becoming old
and unattractive. Some
rowdiness
The resort becomes
unfashionable and numbers
decline
Two choices allow decline to
happen or try to rejuvenate
by modernising the resort.
Blackpool – Case Study of a
Seaside Resort.
For this case study you must be able to ;
 Understand the history of the development of the resort and
relate it to the life
cycle model.
Remember
that you need to include
facts
andcaused
figures inthe
your decline
answers on
 Understand what
has
in visitor numbers.
case studies in order to achieve L3
 Explain the economic
(jobs
and The
money),
social( health,
on the mark
scheme.
examiner
wants
to see
that you know specific
education, way of
life),
environmental
and physical (state of
in formation about your case study.
beach and buildings)
the decline
in tourism has
If it is impacts
too generalthat
you cannot
get
higher than L2.
had on Blackpool.
 Explain the strategies that have been used to try and solve
some of Blackpool’s problems.
 Evaluate whether they have been successful or not.
Key idea no. 3
Mass tourism has advantages for an area but
strategies need to be in place to reduce the
likelihood of long term damage.
You need to know;
 The meaning of mass tourism.
 A case study of an established tropical tourist area
which attracts large numbers of visitors.
 The positive and negative effects of mass tourism on
the economy and the environment.
 Strategies for maintaining the importance of tourism in
the area and reducing its negative effects
Mass Tourism
Mass tourism is tourism on a large scale, where big numbers of
people concentrate together ,usually in a resorts with a great
concentration of hotels e.g. the Spanish Costas. Many areas of
Mediterranean coastline underwent massive transformations,
not always for the better.
Economic losses are greater for local people, often the elderly who are least
able to adapt to the new economy and loss of cultural traditions.
The rich countries make more out of tourism than the poor countries. They
suffer from leakage. This is where money does not come directly to the
country. From the cost of your holiday, money goes to the travel agent, the
airline which is usually owned by an MEDC and many people will stay in a
losses
start duringthe
thecountry
construction
hotel tat is owned by an Environmental
MEDC company.
Sometimes
earns as
phase. It is only later after damage has been done that
little as 15%.
effective management begins to protect what remains.
The Consequences of Mass Tourism
Tourism in a tropical tourist area.
Case Study - Kenya
For this case study you will need to understand where
Kenya is in terms of development e.g.
• the fact that it is an LEDC.
• It has a GDP of US$500.
• It relies on primary products (raw materials and
natural resources for its income e.g. tea, coffee
vegetables and flowers.
• It imports manufactured goods which are expensive
so it is in debt. Tourism brings in US$850million each
year which helps to reduce the debt.
THE ATTRACTIONS OF KENYA FOR TOURISM
Primary resources for tourism
1.The climate – Kenya is warm all year round with a wet season from Nov.-May.
2.It has beautiful white sandy beaches and the warm Indian Ocean.
3.It has a coral reef just off the coast of Mombasa.
4.It has volcanic mountains.
5.It has wildlife where you can see the “big five”, elephant, rhino, buffalo, lion and
leopard in the Savannah grasslands, usually in game reserves.
6.It has Lake Victoria and Lake Turkana.
7.It has desert areas in the north east of the country.
8.It has the cultural attractions of the tribal groups e.g. The Masai who
are the cattle herders and have a reputation for being great warriors.
9.The large cities e.g. Nairobi with their shanty dwellings e.g. Kibera.
Most people who go to Kenya do two centre holiday. They go on Safari
in one of the many game parks e.g. the Masai Mara and then they spend
time in a costal resort.
The positive and negative effects
of tourism on Kenya
For this case study you will need to know;
• The economic, social and environmental benefits. You
must know some facts and figures to support your ideas
e.g. the amount of money tourism earns, how many
people are employed, tourist numbers.
• The economic, social and environmental disadvantages.
This will include the effects of terrorist threats, political
instability and changing tourist trends and the effects that
tourist have on the environment in the game parks and
on the coasts.
Strategies for the future
 The Kenyan government wants to offer a wider range of
holidays by using its natural environment to the full. This
will include rafting, canoeing, sailing, climbing etc.
 Achieve a better distribution of tourism around the
country which reduces pressure on the hot spots.
 Curb tourist numbers in popular places by increasing the
prices paid to get into the parks and adding a local tax
which will go towards maintaining the parks.
 Develop ecotourism.
 Go for quality not quantity.
Key idea no. 4
Extreme environments are susceptible to
environmental damage from the development of
tourism.
You need to know;
 The attractions of extreme environments to tourists.
 The increased demand for adventure holidays.
 The impact of tourism on an extreme environment.
 A case study of one extreme environment and the extent
to which it can cope with the development of a tourist
industry.
What are extreme environments?
These are places where few people live, due to
the difficult physical conditions.
These will include polar lands, hot deserts, high
mountain ranges, tropical rainforests, large
areas of lowland swamps. These areas are often
described as wildernesses as they are
undeveloped areas that are primarily shaped by
the forces of nature.
The increased demand for adventure holidays
• Tourists are drawn by the emptiness of these environments.
• They want to see natural environments that are totally
different from their own before the are spoilt by mass
tourism.
• The activities that are pursued in these environments have a
risk of danger and appeal to a niche market of adrenalin
junkies.
• Many of the people that do these holidays are generally
between 20-40 and well off so they meet like minded people.
• People want to go to places that are out of the ordinary.
• There is a certain “snob “ value attached to these holidays.
Types of adventure holidays
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rock climbing
Paragliding
White-water rafting
Glacier walking
Ice diving
Mountain trekking
Canoeing
Bungee jumping
Sky diving
Many of these
activities are
not covered by
standard
holiday
insurance
which many
people do not
realise!
Tourism in an extreme environment.
Case study - Antarctica
You need to know;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What time of the year people come to Antarctica
How many tourists come.
What they do whilst they are there.
How the IAATO works to protect the area and the effect it has on tourism.
What would happen in the area if a cruise ship sank.
What the worries are for the future. Environmentalists are concerned about
land based tourism and the development of skiing and the implications this
could have for the area.
7. You need to be able to explain whether tourism is sustainable in this type of
environment.
The environmental impact of tourism in Antarctica
Key idea no. 5
Sustainability requires the development of tourism.
You need to know;
 The need for stewardship and conservation.
 A case study of the ways stewardship can benefit
the environment, the local economy and the lives
of the local people.
 A consideration that this form of tourism can
contribute to sustainable development.
Stewardship and Conservation
Stewardship is the careful
management of the environment
on a large scale: regionally,
nationally and globally. No one
should damage the present or
future environment
Definition
Conservation is the careful and
planned use of resources in order
to manage and maintain the natural
environment for future
generations. It is stewardship on a
smaller and more manageable
scale.
• All types of development and
resource exploitation are
planned sustainably.
• Development priorities are set
and strategies are created to
achieve these.
How it works
•Buildings can be given protected
status because of historical
importance.
•Habitats and landscapes in rural
areas can be given protected status.
•Using resources in a tourist area
wisely.
What is Ecotourism?
Ecotourism (green tourism, responsible tourism) is tourism that is environmentally
friendly. It works by;
 Safeguarding the natural environment. A cost-benefit analysis is worked out for all new
tourist destinations that want to develop ecotourism before any decisions are made.
 The locals are involved in all areas and at all levels of the planning process and their
needs are considered. It will provide jobs for the locals.
 Developments try and recycle waste products.
 Renewable energy sources are used as much as possible.
 Alt development tries to blend in with the local environment.
 It tries to cause as little pollution as possible.
 It ensures that todays tourist needs do not damage those of future generations.
 It tends to cater for small niche markets of environmentally aware tourists.
 It is the fastest expanding tourist sector.
Some companies can use ecotourism as a sales gimmick. One cynic has
described ecotourism as “ ordinary tourism dressed up in a politically correct
manner. It is being replaced with the term “responsible tourism” where objectives
need to be outlined by the company and are easier to check
Eco-tourists
• Eco-tourists will have to pay more for their holidays as they
are quite specialist and therefore expensive.
• They prefer to stay in small-scale accommodation or with the
local people rather than hotels.
• They want to eat the local food.
• They expect the local people to act as their guides because of
their knowledge and experience.
A case study of an eco-tourism destination
Make sure that you can;
1. Describe the reasons why
people come to this
location.
2. How they travel to get
there.
3. The type of
accommodation they stay
in.
4. The activities they can do
whilst they are there.
5. How the economy and
the locals benefit.
6. Is it a sustainable type of
tourism?
The case studies you use
will depend upon your
teacher. These will include
the example of the Masai
in Kenya or eco-tourism in
Ecuador.
IS THIS THE FUTURE FOR ALL
TOURIST DESTINATIONS?
The importance of case studies
Using case study knowledge will help you attain an A/A* grade.
If you do not use them at all you will struggle to attain a C grade.
Questions may contain the following phrases
1)Use a named example to………
2)Choose one tourist area to………
3)Using example(s)………..
In all these examples the instructions to use a named example is precise.
Without using examples the examiner cannot award a top level mark. In a 4
mark question you would only get 2, 6mark 4 and 8 mark 6.
Or
You can use them to improve your answer even if the question does not ask
for a case study.