Transcript Chapter 7 Human Geography of Canada

Chapter 7 Human Geography of
Canada: Developing a Vast Wilderness
Three major groups in Canada—the native peoples, the
French, and the English—have melded into a diverse
and economically strong nation.
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Chapter 7, Section 1: History
and Government of Canada
• French and British settlement greatly
influenced Canada’s political development.
• Canada’s size and climate affected
economic growth and population
distribution.
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I. The First Settlers and
Colonial Rivalry
A. Early Peoples
After Ice Age, migrants cross
Arctic land bridge from Asia
1. ancestors of Arctic Inuit
(Eskimos); North
American Indians to
south
2. Vikings found Vinland
(Newfoundland) about
A.D. 1000; later abandon
http://wearecanadians.wordpress.com/2011/03/14/the-inuitpeople-of-canada/
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundlandlabrador/story/2010/07/21/viking-discovery-lanse-aux-meadows.html
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B. Colonization by France and
Britain
1. French explorers claim
much of Canada in 1500–
1600s as “New France”
2. British settlers colonize the
Atlantic Coast
3. Coastal fisheries and inland
fur trade important to both
countries
4. Britain wins French and
Indian War (1754–1763);
French settlers stay
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=new+france+map+1600s
&um=1&hl=en&tbm=isch&tbnid=6PTW2i87bQx9GM:&imgref
url
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II. Steps Toward Unity
A. Establishing the Dominion of
Canada
1. In 1791 Britain creates two
political units called provinces
a. Upper Canada (later, Ontario):
English-speaking, Protestant
b. Lower Canada (Quebec):
French-speaking, Roman
Catholic
c. Rupert’s Land a northern
area owned by fur-trading
company
2. Immigrants arrive, cities
develop: Quebec City,
Montreal, Toronto
a. railways, canals are built as
explorers seek better furtrading areas
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3. Political, ethnic disputes lead to
Britain’s 1867 North America Act
a. creates Dominion of Canada as a loose
confederation (political union)
b. Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick
c. self-governed part of British Empire
4. Expansion includes:
a. Rupert’s Land, Manitoba, British
Columbia, Prince Edward Island
b. later: Yukon Territory, Alberta,
Saskatchewan
c. Newfoundland in 1949
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III. Continental Expansion and Development
A. From the Atlantic to the Pacific
1. In 1885 a transcontinental railroad
goes from Montreal to Vancouver
2. European immigrants arrive and
Yukon gold brings fortune hunters
a. copper, zinc, silver also found; grow
towns, railroads
http://trailblazer-guides.com/book/trans-canada-rail-guide
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B. Urban and Industrial Growth
1. Farming gives way to urban
industrialization, manufacturing
a. within 100 miles of U.S. border due to
climate, land, transportation
2. Canada becomes major economic
power in 20th century
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IV.Governing Canada
A. The Parliamentary System
1. In 1931 Canada becomes
independent, British monarch is symbolic
head
2. Parliamentary government:
a. parliament—legislature combining
legislative and executive functions
b. consists of an appointed Senate,
elected House of Commons
c. prime minister, head of government,
is majority party leader
3. All ten provinces have own
legislature and premier (prime
minister)
Stephen Harper is the
current Prime Minister
of Canada.
a. federal government administers the
territories
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http://www.topnews.in/law/people/stephenharper?page=2
Section 2: Economy and Culture
of Canada
http://www.traveltocanadanow.com/winnipe
g.htm
Winnipeg
http://www.geostoronto.com/about_city
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http://www.wayfaring.info/2008/12/08/vanco
uver-olympics-games-2010/
Toronto
The Early Fur Trade
•in 1500s Native Americans, (First Nations) begin trade with
European fishermen along Atlantic coast
•French and English trappers and traders expand
westward
•Voyageurs—French-Canadian boatmen transport pelts to
trading posts
http://www.nps.gov/voya/historyculture/the-fur-trade.htm
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I. An Increasingly Diverse
Economy
* highly industrialized and
urbanized, one of the world’s
most developed economies.
* a diverse people.
A. Canada’s Primary Industries
1. Farming, logging, mining,
fishing: 10% of gross domestic
product
a. Canada is the world’s
leading exporter of forest
products
2. Mining: uranium, zinc, gold,
and silver are exported
3. Fishing: domestic
consumption is low, so most
of catch is exported
http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2010/05/17/fore
st-agreement.html
http://www.gildedlife.com/2010/08/canadian-gold-maple-leaf-coins/
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B. The Manufacturing Sector
1. 15% of Canadians work in
manufacturing, create 1/5 of GDP
a. make cars, steel, appliances, equipment
(high-tech, mining)
b. centered in heartland, from Quebec
City, Quebec, to Windsor, Ontario
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http://www.canada.com/business/fp/Conference+Board+gloomy+profit+outlook/5261819/story.html
C. Service Industries Drive the Economy
1. Most Canadians work in service industries,
which create 60% of GDP
a. finance, utilities, trade, transportation,
communication, insurance
b. land’s natural beauty makes tourism the
fastest growing service
2. Heavy trade with U.S.: same language, open
border (world’s longest)
a. 1994 North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) with U.S., Mexico
b. 85% of Canadian exports go to U.S.
c. 75% of Canada’s imports come from U.S.
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II. A Land of Many Cultures
A.Languages and Religions
1. Mixing of French and native
peoples created métis culture
2. Bilingual: English is most
common, except in Frenchspeaking Quebec
3. English Protestants and French
Catholics dominate, but often clash
a. increasing numbers of Muslims,
Jews, other groups
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B. Canada’s Population
1. Densest in port cities (Montreal, Toronto,
Vancouver) and farmlands
2. Environment keeps 80% of people on 10%
of land (near U.S. border)
3. Urbanization: in 1900 33% of people lived
in cities, today it’s 80%
4. Various ethnic groups cluster in certain
areas
a. 75% of French Canadians live in Quebec
b. many native peoples live on reserves—public
land set aside for them
c. most Inuits live in the remote Arctic north
d. many Canadians of Asian ancestry live on
West Coast
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https://travelcanada.wikispaces.com/Population+Map+of+Canada
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III. Life in Canada Today
A. Employment and Education
1. Relatively high standard of
living, well-educated population
2. Labor force is 55% men, 45% women
a. 75% in service industries, 15% in
manufacturing
b. Oldest university, Laval, established
in Quebec by French
c. English universities founded in Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick in 1780s
d. Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate
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B. Sports and Recreation
1. Popular sports: skating, ice
hockey, fishing, skiing, golf,
hunting
a. Canada has own football
league; other pro teams play
in U.S. leagues
b. native peoples developed
lacrosse, European settlers
developed hockey
2. Annual festivals include Quebec
Winter Carnival, Calgary
Stampede
http://www.buckinghampalacenews.com/wp/prince-william-kate-canada-details/474
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C. The Arts
1. Earliest literature from oral
traditions of First Nations
peoples
2. Later writings from settlers,
missionaries, explorers
3. Early visual arts seen in Inuit
carving, West Coast totem poles
4. Early 1900s painting: unique
style of Toronto’s Group of
Seven
5. Shakespeare honored at
Ontario’s world-famous
Stratford Festival
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Section 3: Sub regions of
Canada
• Canada is divided into four sub regions:
the Atlantic, Core, Prairie Provinces, and
the Pacific Province and the Territories.
• Each sub region possesses unique natural
resources, landforms, economic activities,
and cultural life.
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I. The Atlantic Provinces
A. Harsh Lands and Small
Populations
1. Eastern Canada’s Atlantic
Provinces:
a. Prince Edward Island
b. New Brunswick
c. Nova Scotia
d. Newfoundland
2. Only 8% of Canada’s population,
due to rugged terrain, harsh
weather
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http://golf-for-beginners.blogspot.com/2010/08/golf-in-coastal-provinces-of-atlantic.html
3. Most people live in
coastal cities such as:
a. Halifax
b. Nova Scotia
c. St. John
d. New Brunswick
4. 85% of Nova Scotia has
rocky hills, poor soil
5. 90% of New Brunswick is
forested
6. Newfoundland has
severe storms
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B. Economic Activities
1. New Brunswick’s largest industry:
logging (lumber, wood pulp, paper)
2. Gulf of St. Lawrence, coastal waters
supply seafood for export
3. Nova Scotia: logging, fishing,
shipbuilding, trade through Halifax
4. Newfoundland: fishing, mining, logging,
hydro-electric power
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II.
The Core Provinces—Quebec and
Ontario
A. The Heartland of Canada
1. Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de
Champlain built fort in 1608
2. 60% Canada’s population live in Core
Provinces Ontario and Quebec
a. Ontario has largest population;
Quebec has largest land area
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The Rideau Canal in
Ottawa freezes during the
winter, and is used for ice
skating!
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http://www.planetware.com/picture/ottawa-rideau-canal-cdn-cdn1048.htm
C. Canada’s Political and
Economic Center
1. Ottawa, Ontario is the
national capital
2. Quebec has great
political importance in
French-Canadian life
3. Core: 35% of Canada’s
crops, 45% of minerals,
70% of manufacturing
4. Toronto the largest city,
finance hub; Montreal
second largest city
III. The Prairie Provinces
A. Canada’s Breadbasket
1. Great Plains Prairie
Provinces: Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, Alberta
2. 50% of Canada’s agricultural
production, 60% of mineral
output
Alberta
a. Alberta has coal, oil deposits;
produces 90% of Canada’s
natural gas
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B. A Cultural Mix
1. Manitoba: Scots-Irish,
Germans, Scandinavians,
Ukrainians, Poles
2. Saskatchewan’s population
includes Asian
immigrants, Métis
3. Alberta’s diversity includes
Indian, Japanese,
Lebanese, Vietnamese
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IV. The Pacific Province and the
Territories
A. British Columbia
1. westernmost province, mostly
in Rocky Mountains
a. 1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen
tundra, snowfields, glaciers
2. Most people live in southwest;
major cities are Victoria,
Vancouver
3. Economy built on logging,
mining, hydroelectric power
a. Vancouver is Canada’s largest
port, has prosperous shipping
trade
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B. The Territories
1. The three northern territories
account for 41% of Canada’s land
2. Sparsely populated due to rugged
land and severe climate
a. Yukon has population of 30,000;
mostly wilderness
b. Northwest Territories has
population of 41,000; extends into
Arctic
c. Nunavut was created from
Northwest Territories in 1999;
home to Inuit
i. Territories’ economies
include mining, fishing,
some logging
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Bibliography
• Mcdougal Littell, World Geography.
Houghton Mifflin Company. 2012
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