Transcript Chapter 7 Short

Human Geography of Canada
Developing a Vast Wilderness
Three major groups in
Canada—the native
peoples, the French,
and the English—have
melded into a diverse
and economically strong
nation.
Canadian fur trapper.
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Human Geography of Canada
Developing a Vast Wilderness
SECTION 1
History and Government of Canada
SECTION 2
Economy and Culture of Canada
SECTION 3
Subregions of Canada
Unit Atlas: Physical
Unit Atlas: Political
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Section 1
History and
Government of Canada
• French and British settlement greatly
influenced Canada’s political development.
• Canada’s size and climate affected economic
growth and population distribution.
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continued The
First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry
Colonization by France and Britain
• French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500–
1600s as “New France”
• British settlers colonize the Atlantic Coast
• Coastal fisheries and inland fur trade important to
both countries
• Britain wins French and Indian War (1754–1763);
French settlers stay
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Steps Toward Unity
Establishing the Dominion of Canada
• In 1791 Britain creates two political units called
provinces
- Upper Canada (later, Ontario): English-speaking,
Protestant
- Lower Canada (Quebec): French-speaking,
Roman Catholic
• Rupert’s Land a northern area owned by fur-trading
company
• Immigrants arrive, cities develop: Quebec City,
Montreal, Toronto
- railways, canals are built as explorers seek
better fur-trading areas
Continued . . .
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continued Steps
Toward Unity
Establishing the Dominion of Canada
• Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s 1867
North America Act
- creates Dominion of Canada as a loose
confederation (political union)
- Upper Canada (Ontario), Lower Canada
(Quebec), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
- self-governed part of British Empire
• Expansion includes:
- Rupert’s Land, Manitoba, British Columbia,
Prince Edward Island
- later: Yukon Territory, Alberta, Saskatchewan
- Newfoundland in 1949
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Continental Expansion and Development
From the Atlantic to the Pacific
• In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from
Montreal to Vancouver
• European immigrants arrive and Yukon gold brings
fortune hunters
- copper, zinc, silver also found; grow towns,
railroads
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Urban and Industrial Growth
• Farming gives way to urban industrialization,
manufacturing
- within 100 miles of U.S. border due to milder
climate, fertile soil, and availability of the railway
system
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Governing Canada
The Parliamentary System
• In 1931 Canada becomes independent, British
monarch is symbolic head
• Parliamentary government:
- parliament —legislature combining legislative
and executive functions
- prime minister, head of government, is
majority party leader
- consists of an appointed Senate, elected
House of Commons
• All ten provinces have own legislature and premier
(prime minister)
- federal government administers the territories
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Parliament Hill
Section 2
Economy and Culture
of Canada
• Canada is highly industrialized and
urbanized, with one of the world’s most
developed economies.
• Canadians are a diverse people.
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continued An
Increasingly Diverse Economy
Service Industries Drive the Economy
• Most Canadians work in service industries, which
create 60% of GDP. Manufacturing accounts for
15%
- Agriculture is a very small percentage of the GDP
as a result of only 5% of the land being arable
(suitable for farming)
• Heavy trade with U.S.: same language, open
border (world’s longest)
- 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) with U.S., Mexico
- 75% of Canadian exports go to U.S.
- 50% of Canada’s imports come from U.S.
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A Land of Many Cultures
Languages and Religions
• Original settlers are known as the Inuit and the
First Nations
• Mixing of French and native peoples created métis
culture
• Bilingual: English is most common, except in
French-speaking Quebec
• English Protestants and French Catholics dominate,
but often clash
- increasing numbers of Muslims, Jews, other
groups
Continued . . .
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continued A
Land of Many Cultures
Canada’s Population
• Densest in port cities (Montreal, Toronto,
Vancouver) and farmlands
• Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land
(near U.S. border)
• Urbanization: in 1900 33% of people lived in cities,
today it’s 80%
• Various ethnic groups cluster in certain areas
- 75% of French Canadians live in Quebec
- many native peoples live on reserves—public
land set aside for them
- most Inuits live in the remote Arctic north
- many Canadians of Asian ancestry live on
West Coast
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Montreal
Section 3
Subregions of Canada
• Canada is divided into four subregions: the
Atlantic, Core, and Prairie Provinces, and the
Pacific Province and the Territories.
• Each subregion possesses unique natural
resources, landforms, economic activities,
and cultural life.
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Subregions of Canada
The Atlantic Provinces
Harsh Lands and Small Populations
• Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces:
- Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, Newfoundland
• Only 8% of Canada’s population, due to rugged
terrain, harsh weather
• Most people live off of the fishing and logging in the
region
Continued . . .
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continued The
Atlantic Provinces
Economic Activities
• New Brunswick’s largest industry: logging (lumber,
wood pulp, paper)
• Gulf of St. Lawrence, coastal waters supply
seafood for export
• Nova Scotia: logging, fishing, shipbuilding, trade
through Halifax
• Newfoundland: fishing, mining, logging, hydroelectric power
- supplies power to Quebec, parts of northeastern
U.S.
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The Core Provinces— Quebec and Ontario
The Heartland of Canada
• Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de
Champlain built fort in 1608
• 60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces
Ontario and Quebec
- Ontario has largest population; Quebec has
largest land area
Continued . . .
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The Prairie Provinces
Canada’s Breadbasket
• Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, Alberta
• Known as Canada’s breadbasket because 50% of
Canada’s agricultural production
- 60% of mineral output
- Alberta has coal, oil deposits; produces 90%
of Canada’s natural gas
Continued . . .
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continued The
Prairie Provinces
A Cultural Mix
• Manitoba: Scots-Irish, Germans, Scandinavians,
Ukrainians, Poles
• Saskatchewan’s population includes Asian
immigrants, métis
• Alberta’s diversity includes Indian, Japanese,
Lebanese, Vietnamese
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The Pacific Province and the Territories
British Columbia
• British Columbia —westernmost province, mostly
in Rocky Mountains
- 1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra, snowfields,
glaciers
• Most people live in southwest; major cities are
Victoria, Vancouver
• Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric
power
- Vancouver is Canada’s largest port, has
prosperous shipping trade
Continued . . .
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continued The
Pacific Province and the Territories
The Territories
• The three northern territories account for 41% of
Canada’s land
• Sparsely populated due to rugged land and severe
climate
- Yukon has population of 30,000; mostly
wilderness
- Northwest Territories has population of 41,000;
extends into Arctic
- Nunavut was created from Northwest Territories
in 1999; home to Inuit
• Territories’ economies include mining, fishing, some
logging
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