Transcript Growth of Tourism

Growth of Tourism
Modern tourism is a product of
Globalisation.
Key Terms
• Leisure Time
– Leisure time is time available after work, sleep
and other necessary activities have been
completed. A person is free to do what they want
• Tourism
– Tourism is the act of travel for the purpose of
recreation and business, and the provision of
services for this act.
• Tourist
– Tourists are people who travel to and stay in
places outside their usual environment for less
than one consecutive year for leisure, and other
purposes.
Growth of tourism
Tourism doubles globally in size every 15 years,
Is the biggest employer and source of revenue in the
world
Tourism is the world’s biggest industry.
The World Tourism Organisation estimates that it
employs up to 10% of the world’s workforce.
In 1993, over 17 million foreign tourists visited the UK
spending over £7 billion.
Tourism is an even more important source of income
in some LEDCs. For example, tourism contributes
80% to the GDP in the Caribbean.
If tourism were a
country and it’s wealth
was measured by GDP,
it would be the third
richest country in the
world.
The Growth of Tourism
Factors leading to Rapid Growth
The Growth of International Tourism
Year
Number of International Arrivals
1950
25m
1955
40m
1960
60m
1965
85m
1970
120m
1975
225m
1980
285m
1985
360m
1990
450m
1995
565m
2000
700m
In addition to this there are
larger numbers of
domestic tourists who
travel within their own
countries.
Some MEDCs are now
concerned that they are losing
large numbers of tourism income
to LEDCs as there people travel
overseas and have actively
promoted domestic tourism to
their residents.
Growth Factors
• Increased Wealth (Affluence). More disposable income
to be spent on leisure.
• Increased Mobility. More people own cars, and can
afford to take trains, ferries & planes.
• Improved Accessibility. Modern highways, ports and
airports make it easier to get to destinations and
reduction in the cost of travel.
• Increased Leisure. Time. People work shorter hours,
and have more paid holidays. They have more time to go
on holiday. Also, many people retire early, and life
expectancy is increasing in most countries.
Growth Factors (Cont’d)
•
Technology Change. Development of jet
engines, computerised booking systems,
Internet access, ATM machines etc.
•
Product Innovation. From the package
tour to tailored trips, cruises, long-haul
travel)
•
Changing Lifestyles. Outdoor activities
growing in popularity. People value their
leisure time more.
•
Changing nature of ‘holidays’ (no longer
seen as two-weeks in the sun. Mini-breaks,
activity holidays etc.).
•
Promotion (Travel agents, TV shows and
advertising put travel in the minds of
people).
Improved infrastructure for tourists
especially in LEDCs
•
Different types of tourists include:
Group tours
Package tours
Individual travel
Backpackers
Tourists seek different types of holidays.
The stage model of tourism
3
2
Growth of
tourism
4
1
Match the descriptions to the stages.
The local fishermen get better
prices for their seafood.
The bars and clubs
stay open until 4am.
time
It is difficult to get to your
hotel from the airport due
to poor quality roads.
Some souvenir shops start to close down.
The sea becomes too polluted to
be used for swimming.
The local government has to
find new water supplies due
to the increased demand.
New airports are built.
Rare species are no
longer found in the area.
People move to the area to work
in the construction industry.
There are very few LEDCs who are not seeking to develop tourism because of
the potential to earn foreign income that it brings. LEDCS with well developed
tourism include: Brazil, China, Egypt, India and Thailand.
Why has tourism grown in the UK?
improved transportation
1975
45
40
35
1978
1980
1985
1990
household income in the UK
30
25
20
15
number of cars
in the UK
(millions)
more people take
early retirement
10
5
0
1950
1975
2000
Internet
more leisure time
Mass tourism period is 1950’s to present. MEDCs share has now
declined whilst LEDCs has risen. Some LEDCs look for
industrialization as a path to development, others look for toursim.
Why?
•Seen as a smokeless industry (little pollution, few environmental
problems)??
•Seen as an opportunity to earn money, preserve national culture,
wildlife and unique natural features.
•Seen as a quicker way to increase national income than exporting
primary products or developing a manufacturing sector.
Problem: Some critics state that tourism perpetuates the
dependence of people in LEDCs on people from MEDCs,
continuing a tradition from colonial times.
Tourism is welcomed in many countries because it brings in foreign
exchange. Tourism can bring economic improvement.
Benefits:
•Generates income for the local economy and it can encourage
investment in other sectors thus creating a multiplier effect (In 200
tourism was in the top 5 export earners for 83 per cent of the world’s
countries and was the main source of foreign exchange earnings for 38
per cent of countries.
•Government revenue increases through taxes, e.g. good bought by
tourists plus departure taxes, visas etc.
•Generates employment for local people (list some examples)
•Improves infrastructure such as better water, sewage systems,
telephone and public transport systems.
As well as the formal sector it also generates money for
the informal sector e.g. street vendors, rickshaw drivers
etc.
•Leakage (Refers to the losses to the local economy from
taxes, profits and wages that are paid to people and
organisations outside the area)
•: Problems may arise when infrastructure such as hotels,
airlines, bus companies and restaurants may siphon away
the profits of the industry toother countries. The World bank
estimates that 55% of the gross revenue from tourism in
LEDCs leaks its way back to MEDCs.
•All inclusive tourists contribute most to leakage (estimates
suggest that 80% money spent goes to foreign companies).
•It is also classed as an enclave industry in that it brings few
benefits to locals.
Leakage occurs in two ways:
1. Import leakage occurs when tourists demand high
standards of facilities, equipment, food etc that the
home country cannot supply.
2. Export leakage occurs when transnationals and
foreign businesses send money back to their home
countries.
• Infrastructure costs can also be high.
• Tourism can also drive up local prices e.g. rises in
real estate, increasing building costs, land prices etc.
(The problem is if not controlled wealthy outsiders
can have a lot of control)
• Over dependence can be a problem and can bring
economic risks. Economic recession in MEDCs
could bring serious problems if there is too much
reliance on tourism.
Think of some situations where tourists might stop coming to an LEDC.
•Tourism can have an impact on culture although it can be argued that it
brings a two-way cultural exchange. It can also help to renew Indigenous
cultures, cultural arts and crafts.
•Loud tourists can cause resentment among locals and some locals
resent being placed in a role of servitude. Some writers have referred to
it as cultural bastardisation and trinketisation where people in developing
countries are assimilated into the materialistic attitudes of the developed
world.
•Tourism can also bring stark contrasts in wealth e.g. high rise hotels and
shacks.
•Some tourists also don’t respect local cultures e.g. topless sunbathing.
•Where cultures meet through tourism a process of transculturalisation
often occurs leading to the adaptation of new cultures.
•Cultural imperialism can also occur when tourists intensively impose
there own cultures on the host country.
Negative impacts occur when the
number of visitors is large and the
environment cannot cope. Problems
include:
•Soil erosion
•Increased pollution
•Loss of wildlife habitats
•Pressure on water resources etc.
Through various case studies you will
study the social, economic and
environmental effects of tourism.
Using Waugh, pages 586-90, supplement these PPT
slides with additional information.