Transcript REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE - e

University of Thessaly
Department of Planning and Regional Development
Graduate Program in European Regional Development Studies
Fall Semester, 2011-12
Course:
The Geography of European Integration: Economy, Society and
Institutions
Lecturers: Petrakos G., Camhis M., Kotios A., Topaloglou L., Tsipouri L.,
Bogiazides N.
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University of Thessaly
Department of Planning
and Regional Development
Course: The Geography of
European Integration
Lecture 22 November 2011
Review of EU Cohesion policy
Marios Camhis PhD
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Changing borders
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Undergoes continuous transformation
Successive enlargements: increase in area and population
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What is the EU
 A unique construction, under continuous
development and change
 MSs differences: economic development, history,
administration, size and population, 23 languages
 Complex geography: islands, mountain ranges, deep
bays, rivers and plains
 Community and Intergovernmental method
 Policies: differences in competence, budget, legal
base
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Categories of Union competence

1. Exclusive competence: only the Union may legislate and adopt legally binding
acts.

2. Shared competence: EU and MSs may legislate in that area, but the MSs shall
exercise their competence to the extent that the EU has not exercised its competence

3. MSs coordinate their economic and employment policies within arrangements
as determined by this Treaty

4. The Union shall have competence, (Treaty on European Union), to define and
implement a common foreign and security policy, including the progressive
framing of a common defence policy.

5. Competence to carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement the
actions of the MSs, without superseding MSs’ competence. Legally binding acts of
the Union relating to these areas shall not entail harmonisation of MSs' laws
No final vision/plan
Step by step construction
The more EU you have the more you need
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History of EU’s Regional Policy
1957: only preamble of the
Treaty of Rome mentions the need
to reduce the differences between
region
Prevalent ideology: market forces
will take care of regional inequalities
Regions in which firms benefit from
regional aids of national policies EEC 1964
1972: enlargement changes
character of EC:
Ireland, Greenland UK regions
in industrial decline+ Northern
Ireland.
1975: ERDF to support the regional
policies of MSs co-financing of
projects with economic character
selected by the MSs
1985: revised ERDF regulation, but
overtaken by events
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History of EU’s Regional Policy

1986: new dynamic of European integration SEA Single market: people,
goods, services and money move freely + social and economic cohesion +
environment

15.02.1987: Commission “Making a success of the Single Act: a new
frontier for Europe” COM (87) 100 final. – proposals for SFs

1986-1989 Integrated Mediterranean Programmes: Tackle development
problems and new ideas: integrated approach, planning/programming

December 1988, difficult negotiations, Council adopts multiannual
programme (1ο Delors package)

New regulations and doubling of the resources of the SFs (Regional,
Social and Agricultural Guidance) until 1993

Regional policy transformed from supporting national regional policies to a
European Regional Policy
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1989-1993
 Integration of the structural
funds
 5 objectives (+New
Länder) – European criteria
12 Community initiatives innovative actions
Partnership
 New procedures
 Decentralized management
 Increase of the structural
funds' budget up to 14
billion ECU p.a. (ca. 20% of
EU-Budget)
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Next reforms:
1994-1999, 2000-2006
 Adapting to new situations - improving procedures
 Consolidation of cohesion efforts
 Enlargements
 Rationalization of objectives and community initiatives
 Better management – increased controls
 Evaluation: ex ante, ex post
 Guidelines for preparation and implementation of programs
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1994-1999
Treaty of EU (Maastricht):
Cohesion main objective as
Single market and EMU - TEN
Cohesion Fund and fisheries
instrument
New Regulations
New objective 6 (5+1)
13(16) initiatives
Simplification of procedures
Dec 1993: increase of the
structural funds' budget up to
32 billion ECU p.a. (ca. 30% of
EU budget) total 177 b.
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2000- 30.4.2004
European Union :
Structural Funds 2000-2006 :
Areas eligible under Objectives 1 and 2
Canarias (E)
Guadeloupe Martinique
(F)
(F)
Réunion
(F)
Guyane (F)
Objective 1
Açores (P)
Objective 1
Phasing-out
(till 31/12/2005)
Phasing-out
(till 31/12/2006)
Special programme
Objective 2
Madeira
(P)
Objective 2
Objective 2 (partly)
Phasing-out
(till 31/12/2005)
Phasing-out (partly)
(till 31/12/2005)
Regional boundaries
NUTS2 boundaries
O3 (ex+4)
training and employment
0
SIG16
100
500 km
© EuroGeographics Association for the administrative boundaries
7 initiatives , Pre-accession instruments (ISPA) + SAPARD + PHARE
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2004-2006
Surface +34%, population +28%,
GDP +5%
Increase of inequalities: 1/3 pop
in MS with GDP < 90% of EU
Objective 1 population from
84 to 123 mil. (EU25)
From 40% to 49,9% of EU
population (155→224 Mio.) in
eligible areas
Phasing-out for some
objective 1,2 and 5b regions
Increase of the structural
funds' budget up to 38 b.
Euro p.a. (ca. 33% of EU
budget)
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Evaluation of cohesion policy

Growth: increase in public and private investments

Convergence: increase of GDP in less developed regions

Employment: creation of new work places

Strengthening of integration: infrastructure, cross border cooperation

Contribution to Community priorities: environment, single market

Financial stability for 7 years

European model of life

Better regional and local governance - Link of EU with citizens
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Evaluation of Regional policy
42,6 %
Greece
35,2 %
Portugal
Ireland
26,7 %
18,9 %
New German
Länder
17,4 %
Mezzogiorno
Spain
14,7 %
0
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20
30
40
50
 Benefited MSs which contributed: % of European transfers
spend for imports from other Member States
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013
 From EU25 to EU 27
 Even greater inequalities
 Differences in administrative practices and experiences
of new MSs
 Great number of programmes/projects
 Difficulties of control
 Over ¼ of population lives in regions below 75% of EU
average GDP
 14 Member States have GDP below 90% of average
(34% of population)
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013
3 objectives, no Community
initiatives, 3 Funds
< 75% ΕΕ27
< 75% EU15 + > EU27
> 75%
All regions eligible
Identification of territorial
zones
for “convergence”
Budget increase:
about Euro 50 bn p.a.
(ca. 36% of the EU budget)
Rural development and
fisheries funds
outside cohesion policy
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Cohesion Policy 2007-2013
 81.54% for Convergence
 15.95% for Regional
Competitiveness and
Employment
 2.52% for European
Territorial Cooperation
Emphasize link with
Goteborg
and Lisbon agenda:
to make Europe
the most competitive
and dynamic economy
in the world: by 2010
employment rate of 70% R&D
3% of GDP…
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Concentration on the Lisbon agenda
1.
Making Europe and its regions a more
attractive place to invest and work:

expand and improve transport
infrastructures

improve the environmental contribution to
growth and jobs

address the intensive use of traditional
energy sources
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Concentration on the Lisbon agenda
2.
Knowledge and innovation for growth:

increase and improve investment in RTD

facilitate innovation and promote
entrepreneurship

promote the information society for all

improve access to finance
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Concentration on the Lisbon agenda
More and better jobs
3.

attract and retain more people in employment and
modernise social protection systems

improve adaptability of workers and enterprises
and the flexibility of the labour market

increase investment in human capital through
better education and skills

administrative capacity

health and the labour force
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Cohesion Policy 2007-2013
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013
 Convergence objective:


84 regions (in 17 MSs), population 154 m., GDP < 75
% EU average
16 regions “phasing-out”, population 16.4 m., GDP
slightly above 75 % due to statistical effect of larger EU.
 EUR 282.8 billion, 81.5 % of the total SF budget.



EUR 199.3 billion for the Convergence regions,
EUR 14 billion for the “phasing-out” regions,
EUR 69.5 billion for the Cohesion Fund, (15 MSs).
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013
 Regional Competitiveness and Employment objective:
strengthening competitiveness, support employment,
 Development programmes to promote economic change
through innovation, knowledge society, entrepreneurship,
protection of the environment, improvement of accessibility.
 More and better jobs by adapting the workforce and by
investing in human resources.
 EU27-19 MSs 168 regions eligible, pop. 314 m. Within these, 13
“phasing-in” regions (pop. 19 m.) with special financial allocations
former status “Objective 1”.
 EUR 55 billion – of which EUR 11.4 billion for the “phasing-in”
regions – about 16% of total allocation.
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013

European Territorial Co-operation objective (former Interreg):
 Cross-border co-operation through joint local and regional
initiatives. Population in cross-border areas 181.7 million (37.5 %
EU)
 Trans-national co-operation aiming at integrated territorial
development,. All EU regions and citizens are covered by one of the
existing 13 transnational co-operation areas.
 Interregional co-operation and exchange of experience

EUR 8.7 billion (2.5 % of total): EUR 6.44 billion for cross-border, EUR
1.83 billion for transnational and EUR 445 million for inter-regional cooperation.
European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation: legal basis to
implement joint programmes


Former programmes Urban II and Equal integrated into Convergence
and Regional Competitiveness objectives.
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Cohesion Fund
 Benefit from cohesion fund MSs with GNI (Gross National
Income) < 90% of the EU average.
 All the regions of: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece,
Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia
 A phasing-out system for Spain (would have been eligible if
threshold at 90% of GNI average of the EU15 and not at EU25
 Cohesion Fund and ERDF in OPs for transport and
environmental projects
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013
Γενικός Κανονισμός για
το ΕΤΠΑ, το ΕΚΤ και το Ταμείο
Συνοχής
 Κανονισμός ΕΤΠΑ
 Κανονισμός ΕΚΤ
 Κανονισμός Ταμείου Συνοχής
Ομοφωνία Συμβουλίου,
σύμφωνη γνώμη
Ευρωπαϊκού
Κοινοβουλίου
ΕΤΠΑ, ΕΚΤ:
συναπόφαση
Ταμείο Συνοχής:
διαβούλευση
 Κανονισμός για τη
σύσταση Ευρωπαϊκού Ομίλου
Εδαφικής Συνεργασίας (ΕΟΕΣ)
Ένας κανονισμός της Επιτροπής
Ενημέρωση, διαφήμιση,
δημοσιονομικός
έλεγχος και δημοσιονομικές
διορθώσεις
Νέο: ο Γενικός Κανονισμός ισχύει και για το Ταμείο Συνοχής· νέο Ταμείο Αγροτικής
Ανάπτυξης τώρα εκτός πολιτικής συνοχής· ένας κανονισμός της Επιτροπής αντί
για πέντε με ειδικές πτυχές· κανόνες επιλεξιμότητας που είναι απλοποιημένοι και
ενσωματωμένοι στο Γενικό Κανονισμό και τους κανονισμούς των Ταμείων.
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Cohesion Policy 2007-2013
Planning procedures

Structural Funds budget + regulations Council + EP
decide on EC proposal.

Commission proposes (adopted by Council EP
consultation) Community strategic guidelines on
cohesion (encourage innovation and entrepreneurship,
foster the growth of a knowledge-based economy and
create more and better jobs).

Each MS prepares a National Strategic Reference
Framework, coherent with the Strategic Guidelines.
NSRF defines the strategy of MS and proposes a list of
operational programmes. Commission has 3 months to
make comments or request additional information.
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013
 The Commission validates NSRF and each
operational programme (OP) regional or sectoral
(by Fund).
 Convergence objective MSs + regions: 60% of
expenditure must be allocated to priorities arising
for growth and jobs Lisbon strategy.
 For competitiveness and employment objective
the percentage is 75%.
 2007-2013: around 450 OPs adopted by EC.
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013
 MSs and its regions implement the OPs, monitor and assess
 EC commits the expenditure to allow MS to start programs
 EC pays the certified expenditure per MS
 Commission + MS monitor each operational programme
 Strategic reports are submitted by EC and by MSs throughout the
2007-2013 programming period.
 Annual discussion at the Spring European Council
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013
 Financial management at the level of priority axis (flexibility in
adapting programs)
 Eligibility of expenses in accordance with national rules (with
few exceptions)
 Joint management: MSs and Commission share the
responsibility of control of the budget
 System of Control proportional to the level of community
financing <33% of total cost < 250 mil. EURO
 Commission: retains the responsibility for the implementation
of the general budget of the EU by carrying out its proper
controls
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013
 For each OP the MS appoints:

a managing authority (a national, regional or local public
authority or public/private body to manage the operational
programme);

a certification body (a national, regional or local public
authority or body to certify the statement of expenditure
and the payment applications before their transmission to
the Commission);

an auditing body (a national, regional or local public
authority or body for each operational programme to
oversee the efficient running of the management and
monitoring system).
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013
 Maximum rate of co-financing for each objective:




Convergence: between 75% and 85% (for outmost regions
and Greek islands)
Competitiveness and Employment: between 50% and 55%
European Territorial Cooperation: between 75% and 85%
(for interregional cooperation)
Cohesion Fund: 85%
 Rewarding quality: reserve 3% (Council will decide in 2011)
 Flexibility: national reserve for unexpected economic and social
situations (1% in convergence, 3% in competitiveness)
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Financial engineering
 Several new tools and initiatives have been developed to enable
the most efficient and sustainable use of Structural and Cohesion
Funds in the 2007-13 period.
 These initiatives pool expertise in the field of financial engineering,
ensuring that the investments maintain their impact and
contribute to the long-term development of regions.
 The sound financial management of cohesion policy instruments
can enhance public investments.
 To help MSs and regions implement financial engineering schemes
the EC has developed instruments with the European
Investment Bank (EIB), the European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (EBRD) and the Council of Europe Bank (CEB).
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Financial engineering

JEREMIE (Joint European Resources for Micro to Medium Enterprises)
 Initiative of the EC, the EIB and the European Investment Fund (EIF),
enhances the access of SMEs to finance.
 Products include equity, venture capital, guarantees, loans and
technical assistance which will allow a multiplier effect of the EU funds
by using revolving financial products instead of grants.
 The EIF, and national and regional authorities, design tailored schemes
for SMEs in all sectors.
 Expected to contribute towards improving access to finance for SMEs in
about 20 MSs involving ERDF resources in the order of €2.5 billion.

JESSICA (Joint European Support for Sustainable Investment in City
Areas)
 Initiative of the EC in cooperation with the EIB and the CEB to promote
sustainable investment in urban projects and programmes.
 Connects MSs, regions and cities with the European banking and
financial sector for more and better investment in cities.
 Resources from OPs to be invested under JESSICA can be transferred
to urban development funds, and co-financing can come from
municipalities, banks, pension funds or investment funds.
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Cohesion policy 2007-2013:
important themes











Business support
Culture
Employment and education
Energy.
Environment
Health:
Information and communication technologies
Tourism
R&D and Innovation:
Transport:
Urban development
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National Strategic Rural Development
Plan 2007-2013
 Determines priorities on the support of rural development in
accordance with Regulation on European Agricultural Fund for
Rural Development (EAFRD)
 Rural development policy for Greece focuses on three basic axes:
 Improving competitiveness in agricultural and forestry sectors.
 Enhancing the environment and the countryside
 Ameliorating quality of life in rural areas and differentiation of the
rural economy.
 It will be assisted by LEADER, a fourth horizontal axis, which is
based on the experience gained from the Leader Community
Initiatives of past programming periods.
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National Strategic Plan for Fisheries
Development
 Covers fishery sector, in accordance with the Regulation regarding
the European Fisheries Fund (EFF)
 Determines priorities, objectives and resources:
 Sustainable development of fishing activities and areas;
aquaculture; processing and trade of fishery products; inland
waters fishery;
 Improvement of competitiveness
 Maintaining human resources and ensuring viable employment
 Protection and improvement of the marine environment
 Inspection and control requirements of fishing activities
 Collection of data and information on common fishery policy
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Cohesion
policy
2007-2013
Greece
www.espa.gr/English/Default.aspx
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Cohesion Policy 2007-2013 Greece
National Strategic Reference Framework
 Sectoral Operational Programmes:

Environment & Sustainable Development; Accessibility
Improvement; Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship;
Digital Convergence; Human Resources Development;
Education and Lifelong Learning; Public Administration
Reform; Technical Support for Implementation; National
Contingency Reserve
 Regional Programmes:

Macedonia – Thrace; Western Greece – Peloponnesus –
Ionian islands; Crete and Aegean islands; Thessaly Sterea – Epirus; Attica
 Cross border and transnational programs
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ΕΣΠΑ
 Απορρόφηση κοντά στο μέσο κοινοτικό
 Ανάγκη επιτάχυνσης
 Καλλικράτης
 Μεγάλα έργα/παραχωρήσεις
 Σχέδιο δράσης ΥΠΑΑΝ/ΜΟΔ
 Ομάδα δράσης Ραϊχενμπαχ (Μνημόνιο/ΕΣΠΑ)
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Europe 2020 (March 2010)
 Smart growth means improving the EU's
performance in:
education
 research/innovation (creating new
products/services that generate growth and
jobs and help address social challenges)
 digital society (using information and
communication technologies)

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Europe 2020
 Sustainable growth means:






building a competitive low-carbon economy that
makes efficient, sustainable use of resources
protecting the environment and preventing
biodiversity loss
capitalising on Europe's leadership in developing new
green technologies and production methods
introducing efficient smart electricity grids
harnessing EU-scale networks to give our businesses
(especially small manufacturing firms) an additional
competitive advantage
helping consumers make well-informed green choices.
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Europe 2020
 Inclusive growth means:




raising Europe’s employment rate – more and
better jobs, especially for women, young people
and older workers
helping people of all ages anticipate and manage
change through investment in skills & training
modernising labour markets and welfare systems
ensuring the benefits of growth reach all parts of
the EU
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Objectives
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Proposed EU budget 2014-2020
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Reinforcing effectiveness and
performance
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More coherent use of available
EU funds
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Στρατηγική προσέγγιση
 Κοινό Στρατηγικό Πλαίσιο (Κ.Σ.Π.): Θέτει τις
βασικές δράσεις για την επίτευξη των προτεραιοτήτων
της Ε.Ε.
 Είναι το έγγραφο που «μεταφράζει» τους σκοπούς και
στόχους της Στρατηγικής της Ε.Ε. για έξυπνη, βιώσιμη
και χωρίς αποκλεισμούς ανάπτυξη σε βασικές
δράσεις για κάθε ένα από τα Ταμεία (ΕΤΠΑ, ΕΚΤ,
Ταμείο Συνοχής, ΕΓΤΑΑ και ΕΤΘΑ).
 Για κάθε θεματική προτεραιότητα διασφαλίζει την
συνάφεια του Προγραμματισμού των Ταμείων με τις
οικονομικές πολιτικές και πολιτικές απασχόλησης των
Κ-Μ και της Ένωσης.
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Στρατηγική προσέγγιση
 Συμβόλαιο Συνεργασίας (Σ.Σ.): Το «πρώην Ε.Σ.Π.Α.»
αποτελεί μία «σύμβαση» ανάμεσα στο Κ-Μ και την
Επιτροπή σχετικά με την χρήση των πόρων.
 Το Σ.Σ. είναι ένα έγγραφο στο οποίο εκτιμώνται οι
αναπτυξιακές ανάγκες της χώρας, προσδιορίζονται οι
εθνικές προτεραιότητες (σε σχέση με το Εθνικό
Πρόγραμμα Μεταρρύθμισης) και αξιολογείται η
επίτευξη των Εθνικών στόχων υπό το πρίσμα της
υλοποίησης της Στρατηγικής «Ευρώπη 2020».
 Η αποτυχία στην επίτευξη στόχων μπορεί να οδηγήσει
σε αναστολή ή και ακύρωση της χρηματοδότησης. Η
χρηματοδότηση του Σ.Σ. καλύπτεται από όλα τα ταμεία
του Κ.Σ.Π.
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Στρατηγική προσέγγιση
 Επιχειρησιακό Πρόγραμμα (Ε.Π.): Το Ε.Π. θέτει τις
προτεραιότητες κάθε περιφέρειας ή τομέα.
 Ο ρόλος των Ε.Π. είναι ακόμη υπό συζήτηση για την νέα
περίοδο (αν θα είναι πρωτεύων ή δευτερεύων έγγραφο).
Ειδικότερα στην περίπτωση που το Σ.Σ. υπερισχύσει το
Ε.Π. οι προτεραιότητες κάθε περιφέρειας θα πρέπει να
συνεπείς με αυτές που προβλέπονται στο Σ.Σ.
 Τα Ε.Π. θα πρέπει να εγκριθούν από την Επιτροπή
προτού τεθούν σε εφαρμογή.
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Μακροοικονομικές αιρεσιμότητες
H Επιτροπή συνδέει άμεσα την χρηματοδότηση της πολιτική συνοχής με την
οικονομική διακυβέρνηση της ΕΕ όσον αφορά:

Συστάσεις του Συμβουλίου για το υπερβολικό έλλειμμα, τις
μακροοικονομικές ανισορροπίες ή άλλες γενικές οικονομικές οδηγίες

Οικονομική βοήθεια της ΕΕ προς ένα ΚΜ

μέσω του Ευρωπαϊκού οικονομικού μηχανικού σταθερότητας

Μέσω του μηχανισμού παροχής μεσοπρόθεσμης οικονομικής βοήθειας
για την κάλυψη του ισοζυγίου πληρωμών

Μέσω δανείου από το Ευρωπαϊκό Μηχανισμό Σταθερότητας

Εάν το Κ-Μ αποτύχει να αναλάβει αποτελεσματική δράση στον τομέα της
οικονομικής διακυβέρνησης, η Επιτροπή έχει το δικαίωμα να αναστείλει
μέρος ή και όλες τις πληρωμές μέχρι το Κ-Μ να αναλάβει τις απαραίτητες
πρωτοβουλίες.
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Αιρεσιμότητες
 Εκ των προτέρων Αιρεσιμότητα: Προϋποθέσεις που πρέπει
να πληρωθούν πριν την υποβολή των Σ.Σ. και των Ε.Π. Τα Κ-Μ
έχουν προθεσμία 2 ετών από την έγκριση του Σ.Σ. προκειμένου
να πληρώσουν τις προϋποθέσεις αυτές. Μη υλοποίησή τους
εντός των χρονικών ορίων αποτελεί την βάση για την αναστολή
των πληρωμών.
 Αποθεματικό Επίδοσης: 5% από τον προϋπολογισμό κάθε
Σ.Σ. μένει εκτός και διατίθεται μόνον στα Κ-Μ ή τις Περιφέρειες
που κατάφεραν να «πιάσουν» τους στόχους που έχουν
συμφωνηθεί (στο δικό τους Σ.Σ.). Η εκταμίευση αυτή γίνεται
κατόπιν ενδιάμεσης έκθεσης αξιολόγησης.
56
A menu of thematic objectives
57
Αποστολή και Στόχοι

Τονίζεται η σύνδεση της Πολιτικής της Συνοχής με:

τη στρατηγική της Ευρώπη 2020 μέσω των 11 θεματικών
στόχων, και

τους στόχους του Εθνικού Προγράμματος Μεταρρύθμισης
Ταυτόχρονα όμως "χάνονται" από τα άρθρα του Κανονισμού
οι στόχοι της Πολιτικής της Συνοχής όπως αυτοί απορρέουν
από τη Συνθήκη δηλαδή η μείωση των ανισοτήτων και η
ανάπτυξη των περιφερειών της ΕΕ

Οι νέοι στόχοι είναι:
- Στήριξη των "Επενδύσεων για την ανάπτυξη και την
εργασία στα Κράτη Μέλη και τις περιφέρειες" από όλα
τα Ταμεία
- Στήριξη της "Ευρωπαϊκής Εδαφικής Συνεργασίας" από
το ΕΤΠΑ
58
Κανονισμοί
 Common Rules governing ERDF, ESF, Cohesion
Fund, EAFRD & EMFF).
 3 specific Regulations for ERDF, ESF & Cohesion
Fund
 2 Regulations dealing with the European Territorial
Cooperation Goal and the European Grouping of
Territorial Cooperation (E.G.T.C.)
 2 Instruments, the European Globalization Adjustment
Fund (E.G.A.F.) and the Programme for Social
Change and Innovation (P.S.C.I.)
 1 Communication on the European Union Solidarity
Fund (E.U.S.F.)
59
Simplification
60
Eligibility simulation
61
62
How will funding be allocated?
Διευκόλυνση "Συνδέοντας την Ευρώπη" για μεταφορές, ενέργεια και ΤΠΕ 40.0
63
Concentrating resources to maximise impact
64
European Social Fund (ESF)
65
European Social Fund (ESF)
66
Cohesion Fund
67
Reinforcing Territorial Cohesion
68
An investment - oriented policy
69
Management and control
70
71