Transcript PowerPoint - Urban Sustainability and Green Economy

Vigorously Promote Energy Saving and Emission Reduction;
Accelerate the Construction of Ecological Civilization
Lv Kan, Energy-Saving & Emission Reduction, Department of
Department of Resource Conservation and Environmental Protection
March 2013
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I.
Significance of Strengthening Energy Saving and
Emission Reduction in New Situation
II. Effectiveness, Objectives and General Idea of Energy
Saving and Emission Reduction
III. Major Policy Initiatives for Energy Saving and Emission
Reduction
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I. Significance of Strengthening Energy Saving and Emission
Reduction in New Situation
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In more than 30 years since the reform and opening up policy was carried
out, China's economy has achieved a rapid growth, China’s comprehensive national
strength has significantly ascended, and Chinese people has significantly improved
living standards. To sum up, China has achieved remarkable results during the
period. However, because the extensive development mode has not been
fundamentally changed in China, uncoordinated, unbalanced, and unsustainable
issues have become increasingly prominent in China’s economic development.
Notably, the contradiction between economic development and resources and
environment has become increasingly acute.
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● From Energy Security Perspective
Per capita resources of oil and natural gas is only one fourteenth or so; and for
relatively rich coal resources, the ratio is only 67% of the world’s average.
Per capita of primary resources in China vs. the world’s average
67.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
7.7%
7.1%
10.0%
0.0%
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
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In 2011, the total energy consumption in China reached 3.48 billion tons of
standard coal, accounting for about 20% of world energy consumption, while
during the same period, the proportion of China’s GDP in the world’s total was
below 10%.
10%
20%
The World
China
China's total energy
consumption in the world’s
total in 2011
The World
China
China's GDP in the world’s
total in 2011
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The GDP per unit of energy use in China was 4.5 times as much as that in Japan, 2.9
times that in US, and 2.5 times the world average.
Energy intensity per RMB10K by country
(Tons of standard oil / USD10K, 2008)
5.00
4.63
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.86
1.62
1.50
1.00
0.90
0.85
0.80
France
Germany
UK
1.03
0.50
0.00
China
US
Note: GDP was converted in accordance with foreign exchange rates;
Japan
World
Average
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Due to the lack of sufficient supply at home, the
dependence on energy imports in China has continued
to increase. In 2011, the dependence on oil import
reached 54.9%. Meanwhile, the natural gas and coal
imports rose sharply, reaching 30 billion cubic meters
and 180 million tons in 2011 respectively.
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●From Resource Constraint Perspective
China's per capita possession of resources was significantly lower
than the world average.
43.0%
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
28.0%
30.0%
25.0%
17.0%
20.0%
11.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
Fresh Water
Arable Land
Iron Ore
Bauxite
China's per capita possession of primary resources vs. the world’s average
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The efficiency of resource use in China is not high. The total recovery of mineral
resources is only 30%, about 20% lower than that in developed countries; GDP of per capita
water consumption is only one third of the world’s average.
Output rates of resources in 2010 for China and other countries
(Unit: RMB/t)
40000
Japan
30000
20000
UK
Germany
10000
South Korea
China
0
Inefficient use of resources in China results in the consumption of large quantities of
natural resources in its rapid economic growth.
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■
Mineral Resources
Proportions of China’s GDP and
resources consumption in the world’s
totals in 2010
45%
47%
Less than 10%
Steel
53%
The World
Iron Ore
44%
China
Cement
Proportions of China’s GDP and
resources consumption in the world’s
totals
Lead
Proportion of China’s primary resources
consumption in the world
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■
Water Resources
▲ Two thirds of China’s 600-plus urban cities face water shortage at present
▲ The development and utilization of water resources in major rivers
approached or exceeded the carrying capacity of water resources.
▲ It is predicted that by 2030 the total amount of water use in Chian will
strive to control under 700 billion cubic meters, an increase of 100 billion cubic
meters in the present amount (600 billion). Now, since the amount of water use in
China has been close to the upper limit of the rational use of water, it is very
difficult to further develop water resources.
In the case of a lack of total water resources, extensive utilization of water
resources, and serious water pollution, water shortage in China will become a
common issue and it will see a serious water crisis in China unless effective
measures are taken.
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■
Arable Land Resources
The total area of arable land resources has approached 1.8 billion mu – the red
line level. Per capita arable land area has also approached the red line of supply
security of agricultural products. The issue of food security has become increasingly
prominent.
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●From Ecological Environment Perspective
Overall worsening of the ecological environment in China has not been fundamentally
reversed. In some regions, local ecological environment carrying capacity has approached the
limit. Water, air, and soil are seriously polluted. Pollutants caused by solid waste, vehicle
exhaust, and heavy metals, as well as persistent organic pollutants (POP) continues to increase.
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■
Water Pollution
▲ According to the monitoring of an authoritative department, by the end of
2009, the ratio of water with the standard inferior to Grade V in China’s seven
major river systems under national monitoring was 18.4%; the ratio of water with
the standard inferior to Grade V in key lakes (reservoirs) under national
monitoring was 34.6%, and the ratio of moderate and severe oxygen-rich water
represented 69.2%; water with Grade IV standard and the standard inferior to
Grade V in inshore waters accounted for 17.1%.
▲In the vast rual area, nearly 300 million rural residents fail to drink safe
drinking water, whereas about 59 million urban residents drink water, the quality
of whose source fails to reach testing standard.
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■
Air Pollution
▲ The annual average densities of sulfur dioxide and inhalable particles in
the cities of key regions in 2010 were 0.039mg/m3 and 0.085mg/m3 respectively, 24 times that in developed countries in Europe and America.
▲ In Nov., 2011, the WHO announced the first air quality database.
Among nearly 1,100 capital cities and cities with over 100,000 population in 91
countries and regions, the best-ranking city in China was Haikou, ranking the
830th, while Beijing ranked the 1053rd.
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■
Ecological Damage
As we neglected the requirements on ecological protection during the
economic development process, many ecological systems have been too seriously
damaged, which is hard to be recovered.
▲ Nearly 80% of grasslands throughout China emerged different degree of
degradation
▲ Water and soil loss area accounted for 37% of the national’s total
▲ Desertificated land area represented 18% of the national’s total
▲ Stony desertification area represented 1.3% of the national’s total
High consumption and high emission are the main reasons for
environmental pollution and ecological damage. The environmental problems
emerged in different stages during the industrialization process over 200 years in
developed countries have intensively emerged in China in a concentrated manner.
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■
Greenhouse Gas Emission
In recent years, the carbon emission intensity in China has been
reducing remarkably. However, as the total greenhouse gas emission
grows rapidly, so the emission quantity per capita has been increasing
constantly, now exceeding the world’s average. Meanwhile, China is also
one of the countries with the greatest influence of climate change, which
causes significant impact on agricultural production and ecological
environment.
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● Green, circular, low-carbon development has become the
international trend and the new filed for international
economic and technological competitions
America passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Ac. The USD60
billion invested by the US government will be used to support the basic research
on smart power grids, energy improvement, renewable energies and hybrid
electric vehicles. Since the “Energy Independency” strategy was launched in 2006,
the dependence of oil on foreign imports decreased to 45% from 60% in 2005, and
the natural gas’ dependence dropped to 9% from 16% in 2007. Meanwhile, the
USA became the net exporter of refined oil product for the first time since 1949,
and its export of oil products in 2011 exceeded its import by 160 million barrels,
which indicates that US’s oil security situation has seen a marked change.
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● Green, circular, low-carbon development has become the
international trend and the new filed for international economic
and technological competitions
The United Kingdom passed the Climate Change Act and formulated the Low-carbon
Transform Plan. Japanese government released Green Economy and Social Reform, aiming to
support the low-carbon mobility in transportation, establish green financial system, and
promote the development and popularization of renewable energy sources, etc..
With the acceleration of industrialization by more and more developing countries, the
demand for global energy sources will continue to grow significantly in the future, and global
resource and environment issues will be more prominent.
We must comply with international trends to increase our efforts on energy
conservation and emission reduction, accelerate the cultivation of such strategic emerging
industries as energy conservation and environmental protection and new energy, so as to take
the initiative in the new round of international competition.
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● Circular economy has become the main way of
conserving resources, achieving sustainable supply of
resources, reducing environmental pollution, addressing
climate change issue, and making green development come
true.
The first method is to take the emphasis on legislation.
The second is to improve economic policy.
The third is to make mandatory requirements.
The fourth is to play the role of intermediaries.
The fifth is to improve resource productivity rate.
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Whether to find solutions to resource and environmental constraints, or to
improve the people's production and living conditions, or to alleviate China's
international
pressure
and
grab
the
future’s
international
competition
commanding point, China must accelerate the transformation of economic
development, place energy efficiency and emission reduction as the important
starting point in promoting green, low-carbon development, further raise
awareness of the importance of energy saving and emission reduction and green,
low-carbon development, strengthen a sense of urgency and responsibility, and
promote China's economic and social development, comprehensively and
coordinatedly.
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II. Effectiveness, Objectives and General
Idea of Energy
Reduction
Saving
and
Emission
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(1) Emission reduction and emission reduction achieved
remarkable results in 11th Five-Year Plan period
— Reversing the upward trend of energy use intensity
and emission of major pollutants in China’s accelerated
development stage of industrialization and urbanization.
Intensity of energy consumption and pollutant emissions
Unit
Latter three years
during the 10th
Five-Year Plan
period (2003-2005)
During
the
"Eleventh Five-Year
Plan" period (20062010)
100 million
tons of
standard coal
2.5
1.78
Energy consumption per
unit of GDP
%
+9.84
-19.1
SO2 emissions
%
+32.33
-14.29
COD emissions
%
+3.46
-12.45
Annual increase in
energy consumption
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-- Promoting structural optimization and upgrading.
Structural changes in production capacity of the major industries
2005
(%)
2010
(%)
Growth
Rate
(Percent
point)
Power
The proportion of generator sets with a
capacity of 300 MW and above in
thermal power installed capacity
50
73
46
Steel
The proportion of large-scale blast furnace
with a volume of more than 1000 cubic
meters
48
61
27
Building
Materials
The proportion of the production of new
dry process cement clinker
39
81
108
Description
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— Promoting technological progress.
The CDQ technology penetration rate in 2010 in China’s steel industry was
increased to 80% from less than 30% in 2005; the penetration rate of low-
temperature waste heat recovery power generation technology in the cement
industry was increased to 55% from an initial start level in 2005; and the ratio of
ion-exchange membrane caustic soda in the soda industry was increased to 84%
from 29% in 2005.
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— Significantly enhancing the ability to save energy and
reduce emission.
Forming abilities to save energy and reduce emission in key projects in the
“Eleventh Five-Year” period
Ten key energy conservation
projects energy-saving capacity
Newly increased daily urban
sewage treatment capacity
Desulphurization unit capacity
put into operation at coal-fired
power plants
Unit
11th Five-Year
Plan period target
11th Five-Year
Plan period
completion
11th Five-Year Plan
period target 11th
Five-Year Plan period
completion
100 million
tons of
standard
coal
2.4
3.4
10K tons
4500
6500
100 million
kW
3.55
5.78
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— Circular economy continued to grow.
The change in circular economy from idea to action, the continuous
improvement of the industrial system, and the continuous improvement of the
development level, have become the basic development path for some regions to
transform development modes. The demonstration programme of circular economy
has been advanced deeply. China has explored a development road of circular
economy, in line with China's national conditions, by developing demonstration
projects in key industries, areas, industrial parks and some provinces and cities and
summarizing 60 development modes of circular economy. As a result, the level of
comprehensive utilization of resources has significantly improved, a total of 70% of
the associated metal ores comprehensively developed, 20% of cement raw materials
made from solid waste, the comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste
reached 69%, and the renewable resource recovery rate arrived at about 70%.
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— Greatly improving energy efficiency.
Changes in energy consumption per unit of main products
Unit
2005
2010
Thermal power coal
consumption
Grams of standard
coal / kWh
370
Energy consumption
per ton steel
Kg of standard coal
Ethylene
comprehensive
energy
consumption
Comprehensive energy
consumption of
cement
Synthetic ammonia
comprehensive
2010 Vs. 2005
Decrease
%
333
37
-10
688
605
83
-12.1
Kg of standard
coal/t
999
886
113
-11.3
Kg of standard
coal/t
119
85
34
-28.6
1636
1402
234
-14.3
Kg of standard
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— Improving environment quality.
When compared to that in 2005, the annual average sulfur dioxide density
of key environmental protection cities fell by 26.3% in 2010. The proportion of
surface water with the standard inferior to Grade V under national monitoring
was decreased to 20.8% from 27.4% in 2005, whereas the proportion of water of
China’s seven major river systems with the Grade III standard and above was
increased to 59.9% from 41% in 2005.
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— Energy saving and environmental protection industry
is beginning to take shape.
It is estimated that in 2010, China’s energy-saving environmental protection
industry output reached RMB2 trillion, with a total of 28 million employees.
Thanks to the increasingly expanded industrial scale, the rapid escalation of
technology and equipment, and the more abundancy in products, and the
significant increase in the level of service, the industry has initially formed a
relatively complete industrial system with a complete set of categories. At present,
there are 3,900 companies engaged in energy-saving services in China. They
realized an output of RMB125 billion.
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— Accelerating low-carbon energy development.
China ranks No. 1 in terms of the scale of nuclear power under-progress constructions,
hydropower installed capacity, installed capacity of wind power, heat collecting area by solar
energy heaters, and the number of rural households using biogas. Non-fossil fuels has
accounted for 8.3% of primary energies. China has leapt to the forefront of the world in
renewable energy production capacity.
Non-fossil energy changes for 2005-2010
Unit
Installed capacity
of nuclear
power
2005
10K kW
2010
1082
Hydropower
installed
capacity
100M kW
1.1
2.16
Wind power
installed
capacity
10K kW
130
4700
PV installed
capacity
10K kW
10
60
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— Providing a strong support for maintaining stable and
rapid economic development.
China's GDP and energy consumption
9.8%
10.2%
11.2%
6.6%
10th Fiveyear Plan
Period
GDP
11th FiveYear Plan
Period
Energy consumption
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— Making a primary contribution in response to global
climate change.
China's energy consumption dropped by 1.46 billion during its 11th FiveYear Plan period, which was widely praised by the international community.
Meanwhile, it reflected the image of a responsible big country for China.
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(2) Targets and goal of energy saving and emission
reduction in the 12th Five Year period
Indicators
Decrease (%)
GDP energy consumption per unit
16
Carbon dioxide emissions intensity
17
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
8
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
8
Ammonia (NH3-N)
10
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
10
Industrial added value of water
consumption per unit
30
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(3) General Idea of energy saving and emission
reduction during 12th Five Year period
Three mechanisms: The first mechanism is to insist on the combination of reducing
the intensity of energy consumption, reducing emissions of major pollutants, and reasonably
controlling the total energy consumption so as to form a method in which economic
development will be accelerated and promote the scientific development of “reverse coercion
mechanism”. The second is to insist on the combination of strengthening responsibility,
improving the legal system, improving policies, and strengthening supervision and regulation,
and establish and improve the incentive and restraint mechanisms. The third is to form a
government-led, market-driven working mechanism of promoting energy saving and emission
reduction with enterprises as the main body and all the society as its participants.
Four ways: The first way is to optimize the industrial structure. The second is to
promote technological progress. The third is to strengthen construction measures. The fourth
is to strengthen management guide.
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III. Major Policy Methods for Energy Saving
and Emission Reduction
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(1) Strengthen objectives and responsibilities.
To establish the scientific and standard goal responsibility
appraisement and examination system is the important basis and system
guarantee for realizing energy saving and emission reduction goal. It can
only truly give play to its “guidance” role when the “responsibility
system” is practically implemented.
During the “Eleventh Five-year Plan” period, the “Scheme and
Method for Statistics Monitoring and Assessment Implementation of
Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction” was approved by the
State Council. It requires all departments to make statistics and
monitoring on various energy and pollutant indexes, and to examine the
completion of the goal on energy consumption and main pollutants
emission reduction by all local governments and key enterprises.
During the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” period, through the
comprehensive consideration on such factors as economic development
level, industrial structure, energy conservation potential, environment
capacity and national industrial layout, the national energy saving and
emission reduction goal has been disintegrated to all areas and key
enterprises. The next step is to reinforce goal responsibility assessment
and examination and enhance the application of examination result.
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(2)Optimize the industrial structure.
▲ Be resolute to restrain excessively rapid growth of high energy consumption
and high emission industries;
▲ Accelerate the elimination of backward capacity;
▲ Accelerate the utilization of high-tech and advanced applicable technologies
to rebuild and improve traditional industries;
▲ Regulate energy consumption structure;
▲ Improve the ratios of service industry and strategic emerging industry in
national economy
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(3) Implement key projects
▲ Implement four key energy conservation projects including
transformation of energy conservation, people benefit energy conservation
products, modeling of industrialization of energy conservation technology, and
promotion of contract energy management;
▲ Implement four key pollutant emission reduction projects including
construction of urban domestic sewage and supporting pipe network facilities,
prevention and treatment of the water pollution in major rivers, desulfuration and
denitrification, and heavy metal pollution prevention and treatment;
▲ Implement seven key circular economy projects including comprehensive
utilization of resources, modeling of waste and old commodities recycling system,
“urban mineral products” demonstration base, industrialization of reproduction,
recycling of plate wastes, reconstruction of recycling of industrial park area,
demonstration and promotion of resource comprehensive utilization technology.
During the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” period, the investment in energy
saving and emission reduction key projects will exceed RMB2 trillion, and the
market ratio of efficient energy conservation technologies and equipments will be
increased from less than 5% at present to 30% in the future, forming the energy
conservation capacity of 300 million tons of standard coals and increasing daily
urban sewage treatment capacity of 42 million tons.
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(4) Strengthen energy conservation management
▲ Rationally control the total energy consumption
▲ Comprehensively enhance energy consumption management
▲ Organize and carry out energy conservation and low-carbon
actions among one million enterprises
▲ Implement green and energy conservation buildings campaign
▲ Accelerate the founding of comprehensive transportation system
▲ Govern the source pollution for agricultural industry
▲ Organize the founding activities of saving-style public institutions
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(5) Vigorously develop the circular economy
▲ Enhance planning guidance
▲ Implement “ten to hundred to thousand” demonstration
campaign
▲ Promote reconstruction of recycling system in park areas
▲ Carry out national “urban mineral products” demonstration
base construction
▲ Stably promote plate wastes recycling and harmless treatment
▲ Carry out “change for the reutilization products with old
products” promotion activities for motor parts
▲ Carry out pilot project for resource output rate statistics
▲ Promote national recycling economy education demonstration
base founding activities
▲ Promote comprehensive utilization of resources
▲ Make comprehensive use of crop stalks
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(6) Carry out the pilots of low-carbon provinces and cities,
and carbon emissions trading
▲ Carry out low carbon pilot projects in five provinces
(Guangdong, Hubei, Liaoning, Shaanxi and Yunnan), and eight cities
(Tianjin, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Shenzhen, Guiyang,
Nanchang and Baoding). And properly enlarge pilot projects in
national low-carbon provinces and low-carbon cities based on the
summarized experiences.
▲ Issue “Temporal Method for the Management on Greenhouse
Gases Voluntary Emission Reduction Trading” as soon as possible, and
establish project-oriented voluntary emission reduction trading
mechanism; carry out carbon emission trading pilot projects in Beijing,
Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Chongqing and Guangdong province and
Hubei province to promote energy saving and emission reduction
marketization system.
▲ Carry out pilot projects for low-carbon industrial parks, lowcarbon communities and low-carbon business. Greatly promote
national low-carbon actions.
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(7) Accelerate the development, promotion, and
application of energy saving technologies.
▲ Increase requirements for market access, and accelerate
the formulation of compulsive national standards for such aspects
as energy consumption limits of key industrial units, product
energy efficiency, building energy efficiency and pollutant
emission.
▲ Promote technical progress. Accelerate the R&D of
general and key technologies for energy conservation and
emission reduction; increase demonstration of industrialization of
energy saving and emission reduction technologies and accelerate
technological promotion and application.
▲ Develop energy conservation and environmental
protection industry. It is expected that the energy conservation
and environmental protection industry’s added value will account
for around 2% of GDP by 2015, with a gross output of RMB4.5
trillion, and above 15% of annual average increase in production
value.
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(8) Improve economic policies
▲ Price and charge policies: Deepen the reform of the price of resource
products, push forward tiered pricing for household electricity and
comprehensively promote heat charge based on supply quantity. Enhance the
implementation of differentiated electricity pricing and punitive electricity
pricing. Strictly implement desulfuration electricity pricing and study to
formulate coal-fired power plants smoke denitration electricity pricing policy.
Perfect sewage treatment charging policy and reform garbage disposal charging
method
▲ Fiscal policies: Enhance the support on key energy saving and emission
reduction projects and capacity construction by the investments within central
government budget and special funds for energy saving and emission reduction
of central finance; practically implement the special fund for the development of
recycling economy; perfect such supporting mechanisms as “substitute subsidies
with rewards”, “promote governance with rewards” and adopting fiscal subsidy
method to promote efficient energy conservation products; deepen the guidance
role of fiscal funds; state owned capital management budget supports
enterprises to implement energy saving and emission reduction projects; all
levels of governments should increase the input in energy conservation and
emission reduction; and accelerate the establishment of ecological compensation
mechanism.
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▲ Tax policy: implement the preferential policies supported by the
State such as energy saving and emission reduction income tax and
value-added tax; promote resource tax reform; collect environmental
protection tax on the tax items with heavy prevention and treatment
targets and mature technical standards; push forward the
implementation and perfect resource comprehensive utilization tax polity;
and regulate the taxation policy for restraining the export of “two high”
products.
▲ Financial policy: Enhance the loan support on energy saving and
emission reduction projects by diversified financial institutions,
encourage financial institutions to innovate new credit management
modes which fit the features of energy saving and emission reduction
projects; promote environment pollution responsibility insurance and
establish bank green rate system.
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(9) Implement the market-oriented mechanism
▲ Establish “Leader” standard system
▲ Strengthen the implementation and monitoring of energy
efficiency label and energy conservation and environmental
protection products certification
▲ Promote contract energy management
▲ Promote emission trading
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(10) Strengthen the basic work and capacity building
▲ Establish energy saving and emission reduction statistics,
monitoring and examination system
▲ Establish sound “Three in One” energy conservation
management system, including energy conservation management,
supervision and service
▲ Promote key energy consumption units to be equipped with
measuring devices according to the requirements
▲ Enhance law-enforcement and supervision on energy saving and
emission reduction
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(11) Carry out energy saving emission reduction actions
across China
▲ Extensively and profoundly carry out national energy
conservation and emission reduction actions, do a great job on 10 energy
conservation and emission reduction specific projects including family
community, youth, enterprises, schools, military camps, rural areas,
government institutions, science and technology, popularization of
science and media.
▲ Organize such themed propaganda activities as National Energy
Conservation Week, World Environment Day, etc.
▲ Vigorously advocate civilized, saving, green and low-carbon
production methods, consumption modes and living habits, and create
good social atmosphere.
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Thank you!
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