Transcript China’s policy in addressing climate change

China’s policies and measures
to address climate change
Xiaohua ZHANG
National Centre for Climate Change Strategy and
International Cooperation
21 May 2013
Beijing China
Outline
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National circumstance
Key target
Policies and measures for mitigation
Policies and measures for adaptation
Institutional arrangement and mechanism
International cooperation
National circumstance
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Population: 1.341 billion (2010)
Economy:
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1978-2012 around 10% GDP growth rate
GDP per capita: 5432 USD (2012)
Poverty: 11.80%/157 million (2009)
Energy consumption:
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Total 36.2 tce (2012) , coal accounts for 70%
National Circumstance
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CO2 Emission
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11% in 1990 -> 25% in 2011, emission per capita 7 tCO2
9000
China
8000
US
India
7000
CO2 Emission（Unit：Mt）
Russia
6000
Japan
5000
Germany
Korea
4000
Canada
3000
SaudiAra
b
UK
2000
Indonesia
1000
20.0
Australia, 19.0
USA, 18.0
Canada, 16.4
15.0
Russia, 12.1
10.0
Germany, 9.8
Japan, 9.5
5.0
China, 5.2
Mexico
2007
2004
2001
1998
1995
1992
1989
1986
1983
1980
1977
1974
1971
1968
1965
1962
1959
1956
0.0
1953
South
Africa
Brazil
1950
1850
1855
1860
1865
1870
1875
1880
1885
1890
1895
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
0
-1000
各国历年人均CO2排放（单位：吨CO2/人）
25.0
Key targets
GDP carbon intensity reduction of 40-45% by
2020 compared to 2005 level
Gt CO2

12.0
10.0
8.0
IEA reference scenario WEO 2008
40% reduction of carbon intensity
45% reduction of carbon intensity
6.0
4.0
2.0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Policies and measures for mitigation
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Overview
Optimizing Industrial Structure
Energy Conservation
Developing Low-carbon Energy
Controlling Non-energy-related Greenhouse
Gas Emission
Promoting Low-carbon Development in
Localities
Overview
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The 11th Five-Year Plan period 2006-2010
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Reducing its GDP energy intensity by 20 percent
compared to the 2005, and a 19.06 percent
reduction achieved, equivalent to a 630 Mtce
emission reduction of 1.46 Gt CO2.
The 12th Five-Year Plan period 2011-2015
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GDP energy intensity: reduction of 16%
GDP carbon intensity: reduction of 17%
Non fossil fuels: 8.6% (2010) ->11.4%
Optimizing Industrial Structure
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Reforming and upgrading traditional industries
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Formulated and released plans for restructuring and rejuvenating ten major
industries, revised the “Guideline Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring”
Raised the market entry threshold for high-energy-consuming industries,
conducted energy conservation evaluation and examination of fixed asset
investment projects
Adjusted export tax rebate policies and restrained the export of high-energyconsuming, high-emission and high-resource-consuming products
Accelerate the pace of eliminating backward production capacity
Action
Phase out of small thermal power generating units(<50MW)
Phase out iron productivity
Phase out steel productivity
Phase out cement productivity
Phase out coke productivity
Effect
80 GW
31.92 Mt
28.46 Mt
155 Mt
20 Mt
Optimizing Industrial Structure II
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Billion Yuan, 2005 price
Fostering and strengthening
strategic and newly
emerging industries
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1,400
1,200
Issued the “Decision on
Accelerating the Fostering and
Development of Strategic and
Newly Emerging Industries”
Accelerated the pace of building a
national innovation system
Initiated a venture capital
investment program in newly
emerging industries, established 20
venture capital investment funds
around 1 billion USD for energy
and environment
4.2
4.5
%
4.6
4.8
4.7
4.5
4.0
1,000
3.5
800
3.0
600
400
784
940
1,096
1,249
1,346
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
200
0.5
0
0.0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Value added of High-tech industry
Share of GDP
9
5.0
Optimizing Industrial Structure III
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Accelerating the
development of the
service industry
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From 2005 to 2010, the
added value of China's service
sector increased 11.9 percent
per year on average, with an
average annual growth rate of
0.7 of a percentage point
higher than that of GDP, and
with its proportion in GDP
rising from 40.5 percent to
43.1 percent.
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Primary industry
12.1%
10.1%
Secondary industry
47.4%
46.8%
Teritary industry
40.5%
43.1%
2005
2010
Energy Conservation I
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Enhancing target responsibility assessment
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China has resolved and assigned responsibilities to
fulfill set targets in energy conservation, and
established a statistical monitoring and evaluation
system to regularly evaluate the completion of energy
conservation targets and the implementation of
energy conservation measures by 31 provincial
governments and 1,000 key enterprises.
In 2010, China launched special supervision over
energy conservation and emission reduction in 18 key
regions.
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Energy Conservation II
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Promoting energy conservation in key fields
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10 key energy conservation projects
Top 1000 enterprises programme
Enhanced energy conservation management of key
energy-consuming enterprises,
Promoted energy audit and energy efficiency
benchmarking activities
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Energy Conservation III
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Promoting energysaving technology and
products
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Released a total of 115 state
key energy-efficient
technology promotion
catalogues in three batches
Energy-efficient products for
the benefit of the people, 360
million high-efficiency lighting
products, 30 million highefficiency air conditioners and
one million energy-efficient
motor vehicles
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2000 2006 2007 2008 2009
Iron and Steel
Share of CDQ /%
6
40
45
50
＞70
Share of TRT/%
50
95
96
98.6 100
Aluminum
Share of Large pre52
82
83
86
90
baked anode/%
Chemical industry
Share of Ion exchange
membrane in caustic 24.9 30.6 37.5
50
54.7
soda production/%
Building materials
Share of The new dry
12
50
55
62.8 72.5
process production /%
Share of New wall
28
46
48
50
52
materials /%
Energy Conservation III
China
2000
2005
2007
2008
2009
International
advanced level
Coal consumption per thermal power
generation (gce/kWh)
363
343
332
322
320
298
Coal consumption per thermal power
supply (gce/kWh)
392
370
356
345
340
310
Comparable energy consumption of
steel (Kgce/ton)
784
732
718
709
697
610
15418
14575
14488
14323
14171
14100
1227
780
610
549
509
500
181
167
158
151
139
118
25
22
17
16.6
16.5
15
118
114
110
108
106
73
1125
1073
1026
1010
976
629
Electricity consumption of electrolytic
aluminum (kWh/ton)
Integrated energy consumption of
copper smelting (Kilograms of coal
equivalent/ton)
Integrated energy consumption of
cement (Kilograms of coal
equivalent/ton)
Integrated energy consumption of flat
glass (Kilograms of coal
equivalent/Weight Box)
Integrated energy consumption of crude
oil processing (Kilograms of coal
equivalent/ton)
Integrated energy consumption of
ethylene (Kilograms of coal
equivalent/ton)
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Data source: Wang Qingyi, energy data 2010
Energy Conservation IV
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Developing a circular economy
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National "city mine" demonstration bases. During the
Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China comprehensively
utilized about one billion tons of fly ash, 1.1 billion tons of
coal slag, and 500 million tons of metallurgical slag.
The central government funded the industrialization of
remanufacturing projects. By the end of 2010, China had
formed a remanufacturing capacity of automobile engines,
gearboxes, steering engines and electric generators,
totaling 250,000 pieces (sets).
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Energy Conservation V
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Promoting energy conservation market mechanism
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Pushing forward energy management through contract management,
power demand side management, voluntary energy conservation
agreements and other market mechanisms.
In 2010, China issued the “Opinions on Accelerating the
Implementation of Contract Energy Management and Promoting the
Development of the Energy Conservation Service Industry”
From 2005 to 2010, the number of energy conservation service
companies increased from 80 to over 800, the number of employees
in this sector increased from 16,000 to 180,000, the industry scale was
enlarged from RMB4.7 billion-worth to RMB84 billion-worth, and the
annual energy-saving capacity rose from some 600,000 to more than
13 million tons of standard coal.
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Energy Conservation VI
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Improving related standards
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Improved the energy-efficient design standards for residential
buildings in three climate zones and public buildings;
Issued 27 mandatory national standards for energy
consumption quotas of high energy-consuming products and 19
mandatory national energy efficiency standards for major
terminal energy-using products;
Formulated 15 national standards for the discharge of major
pollutants;
Put into effect 71 environmental labeling standards; and
Released an energy efficiency labeling product catalogue.
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Energy Conservation VII
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Incentive policies
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Quickened the reform of the energy pricing mechanism, reformed the
taxes and fees of refined petroleum products, adopted a differential
electricity pricing policy for high-energy-consuming industries,
imposed electricity pricing penalties on products with super-high
energy consumption, and promoted the metered charging of heat
supply by actual consumption of each household.
During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the central treasury
invested an accumulative total of RMB225 billion, forming an energy
conservation capacity of 340 million tons of standard coal.
Tax incentives, e.g. preferential taxation policies to promote the
comprehensive utilization of resources, and the import of energyefficient and low-carbon products.
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Developing Low-carbon Energy
Item
Applications
2005
2010
2015
Power generation (GW)
117
216
260
Small hydropower (GW)
38
-
-
Power generation (GW)
6.9
10.8
40
Wind power Power generation (GW)
1.26
31.07
100
70
800
2100
0.8
1.68
4
1514.4
-
-
Solar oven (10,000 units)
68.6
-
-
Power generation (MW)
2000
5500
13000
Biomass ethanol(10,000 tonne)
102
180
400
5
50
100
6.7
8.5
11.4
Hydro power
Nuclear
PV Power generation (MW)
Solar thermal utilization (100
Solar energy million m2)
Solar house(10,000 m2)
Biomass
energy
Biodiesel(10,000 tonne)
Methane
100 million cu.m
Non-fossil fuel energy accounting for the
total
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energy consumption(%)
Controlling Non-energy-related
Greenhouse Gas Emission
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The government has enhanced control over
greenhouse gas emission in industrial and
agricultural production, waste disposal and other
fields.
Statistics showed that by the end of 2010 China's
nitrous oxide emission in industrial production
generally remained at the level of 2005, and the
growth of methane emission was basically brought
under control.
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Increasing Carbon Sink
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Increasing forest carbon sink.
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China is continuously carrying out ecological protection projects and
projects to return farmland to forest, natural forest protection project,
the program to control sandstorms in the Beijing and Tianjin area.
Currently, China's man-made forest reserve has reached 62 million ha;
its national forest coverage has reached 195 million ha, with the forest
coverage rate rising from 18.21 percent in 2005 to 20.36 percent in
2010, with a forest stock volume of 13.721 billion cu m. China's total
carbon storage in forest vegetation has reached 7.811 billion tons.
Improving farmland and grassland carbon sinks.
2011-2015: Increase of forest area: 12.5 million ha; Increase
of stock volume: 600 million m3; Coverage rate:21.66% by
2015
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Policies and measures for adaptation
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Agriculture: reinforcing agricultural infrastructure, changing
means of agriculture production, strengthening the research
and production of varieties with resistance, constructing pilot
projects of water saving, importing the ability of disaster
prevention, etc.
Forestry：enhanced protection of natural forest,
constructions of wildlife nature reserve and wetland
protection program, restoration and reconstruction of
ecosystem function of vulnerable ecological areas,
implementations of major forestry ecological construction
projects, etc.
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Policies and measures for adaptation
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Water: improving policies and regulations, strengthening
water resource management and south-to- north water
diversion project, water resource allocation, technological
development of comprehensive water saving and seawater
utilization, pollutant carrying capacity in waters, etc.
Coastal zone: coastal and island observation stations and
network, develops the risk assessment to marine environment,
improves the early warning and forecasting and emergency
response mechanism of extreme marine disasters,
implementation of marine reserves and marine ecological
revetment projects, etc.
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Promoting Low-carbon Development
in Localities
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Promoting low-carbon pilot projects in selected provinces and
cities
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In 2010, China launched a national "low-carbon province and lowcarbon city" experimental project. The first batch of selected localities
included five provinces, namely, Guangdong, Hubei, Liaoning, Shaanxi
and Yunnan, and eight cities, namely, Tianjin, Chongqing, Hangzhou,
Xiamen, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Nanchang and Baoding.
Carbon trading pilot scheme
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The pilot schemes are expected to commence from 2013, across
the major cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing and Shanghai, as well
as the industrial regions of Shenzhen, Hubei and Guangdong.
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Low-carbon Pilot Projects
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Low-carbon Pilot Projects in Provinces and Cities：
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Pilot Programs for Carbon Emissions Trading:
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•
1st batch: 5 Provinces and 8 Cities
2nd batch: more cities and provinces involved (more than 20)
Conducting carbon emission trading pilot programs (5 Cities and 2
Provinces)
Establishing a voluntary emission trading system in 2012
Low-carbon Pilot Programs in Relevant Areas:
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Trials of low-carbon industry park, communities and commerce
Trials of low-carbon products
Low-carbon transport systems pilot city
Green and low-carbon pilot and demonstration projects in key small
towns
Institutional arrangement and
mechanism
国家应对气候变化领导小组
National Leading Group to Address Climate Change
外交部
MFA
国家发改委
NDRC
科技部
MOST
工信部
MIIT
财政部
MOF
国土资源部
MLR
环保部
MEP
住建部
MHURD
交通部
MOT
水利部
MWR
农业部
MOA
商务部
MOC
卫生部
MOH
国家统计局
NBS
国家林业
局
SFA
中科院
CAS
中国气象
局
CMA
国家能源局
NEA
中国民航
局
CAAC
国家海洋
局
SOA
领导小组办公室：国家发改委
Leading Group Office: NDRC
技术支持：国家气候变化战略研究和国际合作中心
Technical Support: NCSC
地方应对气候变化领导小组
Local Leading Group to
Address Climate Change
《中国应对气候变化
国家方案》
China’s National
Climate Change
Programme
由地方发展改革委、财政厅
(局)、气象局等组成
Composed by local DRC,
Bureau of Finance, Bureau of
Meteorological Administration,
etc.
《温室气体自愿减排
交易管理暂行办法》
Provisional Measures
for the Administration
of Voluntary
Greenhouse Gases
Emission Reduction
Trading
《重庆市温室气体控制
规划纲要》
The Outline of the Plan
for Greenhouse Gases
Control of Chongqing
Municipality
《应对气候变化林业
行动计划》
Action Plan of the
Forestry Industry for
Addressing Climate
Change
International Cooperation
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Multilateral Cooperation
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Bilateral Cooperation
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GEF, WB, ADB,etc
US, EU, etc.
South South Cooperation
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MoU on Providing Foreign Aid to Address Climate
Change promising to donate energy-saving and lowcarbon products
Training seminar: 300 officials from 81 countries
13 international seminars focusing climate friendly
technologies
THANK YOU!
[email protected]
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