Transcript Population 1 - GEOCITIES.ws

Population Pressure on Resources
Lecture 1 :Population Pressure on Resources
PPR
PPR - maladjustment between resources and population.
> P < R = maladjustment
< P > R = inefficient resource utilization
P= R = sustaining
How PPR occur in the given environment?
1. Population growth over time
•when the volume of consumption (C) is greater than the rate
of production of resources(R)
•a community will be able to enjoy an acceptable living standard
if the C< P
•Resource utilization is increasing with rapid population growth
How PPR occur ?
1. Population growth over time
Resource
Utilization
C>P
PPR sets in
Sustenance level
Population growth over time
2. Fluctuation in the economy
•Economic growth is determined by an increase in the
community wealth through GNP
•A country can only support a given number of people if the
resource base of the country is large enough to cater for the
various needs of the community
•In time of economic depression, the carrying capacity is being
stretched to the fullest, hence PPR will set in
•The country wealth is reduced and the resources in the
community are in near depletion due to limited stock available
•If the GNP increased through better trade balance and surplus
earning is created,economic prosperity is ensured and PPR
never set in, people can enjoy high SOL
2. Fluctuation in the economy
GNP
(Resource
Utilization)
Recovery of Eco.
Eco. Picks up
Sustenance level
(carrying capacity)
Eco. Growth
Depression
Time
Existence of PPR
3. Change in expectation of the community
What is expectation?
Change in lifestyles as a result of western influence. This
eventually leads to greater need for quality life, which
subsequently can lead to greater demand for scarce
resources
> E, < R , > P = PPR
Consumption pattern changes
over time.
Regional & National variations of PPR
•PPR varies within a country or between countries
•Disparity of economic growth that encompassed PPR
can occur even in a country with homogeneous( similar)
economic system
•The existence of PPR can be determined by analyzing the
proportions of each region/country’s population suffering from
particular social or economic deficiencies
•Drewnowski , a social scientist had identified 3 indicies
to denote the state of well-being in a given region
Somatic Status
Educational Status
Social Status
Drewnowski’s State of Well-being Index
Somatic Status ( Physical development)
•Nutritional Status- the diet of the population
•Health Status - the absence of chronic diseases amongst
the pop.
•Life expectancy- average life span of an individual
•Physical fitness- the strength and physical endurance
of the pop.
A high total physical development leads to a better society
because the country got enough capital to invest in the
well-being of the population.
Better health care ensures healthy community
Good and healthy lifestyles exist in economically
and socially good environment- no PPR
Public funds are
catered for
health programs
Educational Status - mental development
•Literacy - the % of the population that can read and write
•Educational attainment - the number of people in the
community that possessed post secondary/tertiary
education as against the basic education
•Congruence of education with manpower needsdoes a country have a quality and talented labor force ?
• Employment- the rate of employment in the community,
either full employment or high unemployment rate
Social Status
• Integration - people of different social or ethnic
groups are able to live in harmony with one another
•Participation- the members of the community are willing to
be involved in the government activities and no
one is marginalised
Drewnowski is trying to depict a situation that in any
community the state of well-being of its citizen will determine
the degree of social or economic deficiencies
State of well being can be measured in terms of
•Affluence
•Sufficiency
•Insufficiency
•Destitution
Once the basic needs of the individual in a given community are
met, the state of well- being is high, hence PPR does not exist
State of
well being
Affluence
Sufficiency
Insufficiency
Need
satisfaction
curve
a
b
c
Destitution
c
a
b
Level of living
(inputs of flows)
Another indicators to determine the degree of Well Being
or Population Pressure on Resources
• Per Capita Indices - the real incomes that the individual in the
community received that will support his daily needs
• Unemployment level - if more people are displaced from their
jobs, the state of well-being will be low
•Migration rate - High PPR in a certain region will create a
‘push’ factors which eventually leads to out-migration
Regional variations with regards to PPR ( economic & social
well-being)
In United Kingdom two variables are used to indicate the degree
of economic well-being(PPR) in the country.
•Employment level
•Earned Incomes
Based on these indices, regions that suffer from PPR were
identified.
Employment Level
•Total unemployment level is determined in order to describe
the existence of ‘deprived ‘ region in UK in 1980
•The total unemployment rate of the various regions in UK
•is compared with the national average
•Scotland and Northern England fared better than the average
•West Midlands and NW regions fared worse than expected
Reasons for existence of economic disparities within regions
•the development of North Sea oil
•variations in the age and productivity of industrial equipment
•unequal effect of an overvalued currency
•inappropriate government policy
Earned Incomes ( both in UK and USA)
In the United Kingdom
•Close correlation between earned income and industrial
development
•In UK, earned income is greater in SE region; related to increase
economic development in the region
•Scotland suffered low income due to the declining of main
industries
In United State of America
•The level of poverty is detected in certain regions
in the States
•Agricultural regions have relatively more poverty than the
urban areas
•Areas with Black people had higher proportions of poverty
Reasons for this regional disparity in UK and USA
•that the magnitude of disparities varies with stage of
economic development
•developed regions are more attracted by investors
•disparities are related to industrial development
•Location influences pattern of disparities
National Variations of Disparities ( PPR)
•Disparities between the NORTH (MEDC) and the
SOUTH( LEDC) are significant
•The disparities between the two regions can be measured
in terms of calories in-take, school enrolment ratio and GNP
per capita of the population
•In Latin America, Africa, Middle East and South East Asia
•the minimum daily requirements of about 2000 calories
•(low calories in-take)
•High calories in-take in North America, Europe and
Australia
•GNP per capita indicates countries with low calories in-take
•Third world countries are the depressed regions of the world
>PPR in Asia , Latin America and Africa
< PPR in USA, Europe and Japan
Global variations in PPR
Reasons for global variations
•depletion of resources in LEDC through abuse of the
environment by man
•Inefficiency use of the resources due to poor technology or
ignorance
•the total absence of resources due to natural causes
END OF LECTURE ON PPR