Transcript Population T1 - GEOCITIES.ws

Lecture 1 :Population Pressure on Resources
PPR
PPR - maladjustment between resources and population.
> P < R = maladjustment
< P > R = inefficient resource utilization
P= R = sustaining
How PPR occur in the given environment?
1. Population growth over time
•when the volume of consumption (C) is greater than the rate of
of production of resources(R)
•a community will be able to enjoy an acceptable living standard
if the C< P
•Resource utilization is increasing with rapid population growth
2. Fluctuation in the economy
•Economic growth is determined by an increase in the community
wealth through GNP
•A country can only support a given number of people if the
resource base of the country is large enough to cater for the
various needs of the community
•In time of economic depression, the carrying capacity is being
stretched to the fullest, hence PPR will set in
•The country wealth is reduced and the resources in the community
are in near depletion due to limited stock available
•If the GNP increased through better trade balance and surplus
earning is created,economic prosperity is ensured and PPR never set
in, people can enjoy high SOL
3. Change in expectation of the community
What is expectation?
Change in lifestyles as a result of western influence. This
eventually leads to greater need for quality life, which
subsequently can lead to greater demand for scarce
resources
> E, < R , > P = PPR
Regional & National variations of PPR
•PPR varies within a country or between countries
•Disparity of economic growth that encompassed PPR can occur
even in a country with homogeneous( similar) economic system
•The existence of PPR can be determined by analyzing the
proportions of each region/country’s population suffering from
particular social or economic deficiencies
•Drewnowski , a social scientist had identified 3 indicies
to denote the state of well-being in a given region
Somatic Status
Educational Status
Social Status
Drewnowski’s State of Well-being Index
Somatic Status ( Physical development)
•Nutritional Status- the diet of the population
•Health Status - the absence of chronic diseases amongst the pop.
•Life expectancy- average life span of an individual
•Physical fitness- the strength and physical endurance of the pop.
A high total physical development leads to a better society because
the country got enough capital to invest in the well-being of the
population.
Educational Status - mental development
•Literacy - the % of the population that can read and write
•Educational attainment - the number of people in the community
that possessed post secondary/tertiary education as against the
basic education
•Congruence of education with manpower needs- does a country
have a quality and talented labor force ?
• Employment- the rate of employment in the community, either
full employment or high unemployment rate
Social Status
• Integration - people of different social or ethnic groups are able
to live in harmony with one another
•Participation- the members of the community are willing to
be involved in the government activities and no one is marginalised
Drewnowski is trying to depict a situation that in any
community the state of well-being of its citizen will determine
the degree of social or economic deficiencies
State of well being can be measured in terms of
•Affluence
•Sufficiency
•Insufficiency
•Destitution
Once the basic needs of the individual in a given community are
met, the state of well- being is high, hence PPR does not exist
Another indicators to determine the degree of Well Being
• Per Capita Indices - the real incomes that the individual in the
community received that will support his daily needs
• Unemployment level - if more people are displaced from their
jobs, the state of well-being will be low
•Migration rate - High PPR in a certain region will create a
‘push’ factors which eventually leads to out-migration
Regional variations with regards to PPR ( economic & social
well-being)
In United Kingdom two variables are used to indicate the degree
of economic well-being(PPR) in the country.
•Employment level
•Earned Incomes
Based on these indices, regions that suffer from PPR were
identified.
Employment Level
•Total unemployment level is determined in order to describe
the existence of ‘deprived ‘ region in UK in 1980
•The total unemployment rate of the various regions in UK
•is compared with the national average
•Scotland and Northern England fared better than the average
•West Midlands and NW regions fared worse than expected
Reasons for existence of economic disparities within regions
•the development of North Sea oil
•variations in the age and productivity of industrial equipment
•unequal effect of an overvalued currency
•inappropriate government policy
Earned Incomes ( both in UK and USA)
In the United Kingdom
•Close correlation between earned income and industrial
development
•In UK, earned income is greater in SE region; related to increase
economic development in the region
•Scotland suffered low income due to the declining of main
industries
In United State of America
•The level of poverty is detected in certain regions in the States
•Agricultural regions have relatively more poverty than the
urban areas
•Areas with Black people had higher proportions of poverty
Reasons for this regional disparity in UK and USA
•that the magnitude of disparities varies with stage of economic
development
•developed regions are more attracted by investors
•disparities are related to industrial development
•Location influences pattern of disparities
National Variations of Disparities ( PPR)
•Disparities between the NORTH (MEDC) and the
SOUTH( LEDC) are significant
•The disparities between the two regions can be measured
in terms of calories in-take, school enrolment ratio and GNP
per capita of the population
•In Latin America, Africa, Middle East and South East Asia
•the minimum daily requirements of about 2000 calories
•(low calories in-take)
•High calories in-take in North America, Europe and Australia
•GNP per capita indicates countries with low calories in-take
•Third world countries are the depressed regions of the world
Reasons for global variations
•depletion of resources in LEDC through abuse of the
environment by man
•Inefficiency use of the resources due to poor technology or
ignorance
•the total absence of resources due to natural causes