Transcript South Africa and Climate Change

South Africa and Climate
Change
Economy
• Middle-income, emerging market with and abundant
supply of natural resources
• Well developed financial, legal, communications, and
energy and transport sectors
• 10th largest stock exchange in the world
• Modern infrastructure supporting an efficient
distribution of goods to major urban centers
throughout the region
Poverty
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Apartheid- dual society
25.2% of population is unemployed (2000)
50% of population living below poverty line
Exacerbates health risks: malaria, TB, HIV
– 21.5% of the population is infected with HIV
– By 2010, 21.7% of the adult population is expected to be
infected with HIV
– Rapidly declining life expectancy
• Age dependency ration: 64.4
International Cooperation
• UNFCC:
– ratification August 1997
– Entry into force: November 1997
• Kyoto Protocol
– Ratification: July 2002
– Entry into Force: February 2005
GDP
250
USD (billions)
200
150
100
50
0
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
Year
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Carbon Dioxide Statistics
• 373 million metric tons of Carbon
Dioxide from Energy
• 9.1 tons Carbon Dioxide per capita
• 3.2 tons Carbon Dioxide per dollar GDP
• Africa as a whole accounted for only 4%
of 1998 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Natural Resources
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Formed historical base of economy
World’s largest percentages of reserves of ores of:
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Manganese: 80%
Chromium: 68%
Platinum group metals: 56%
Gold: 39%
Mining is the most important earner of foreign exchange in the economy
– 1990s: 41% of total exports
– 1997: mining industry contributed 8.9% to gross domestic fixed investment
– 1997: sales of primary mineral products account 37.3% of total export revenue
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Coal is the third largest minerals export earner
– 5th largest producer
– 9.8 billion Rand in 1999
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Number of initiatives to build on and increase the economic benefits derived
from domestic, regional and international tourism
2000 Primary Energy Supply
2000 Final Energy Use by
Sector
Other
1%
Agriculture
3%
Transport
28%
Industry
47%
Residential
17%
Commerce
4%
Gg Carbon Dioxide Equivalents
Total industrial sector business-as-usual
process emissions (1990 to 2030)
100000
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
2015
2020
2025
2030
Renewable Energy
• 1999: Renewable energy accounted for 9% of total
energy use
– Mostly from fuel and dung
• White Paper
– Looked at potential for renewable energy sources
– Identified key resources:
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Wind
Biomass
Hydro
Solar
Wave energy
Ocean currents
Energy from waste
Barriers to Renewable Energy
• Expensive
• High initial investment
• Economic and social system of energy
services based on centralized development
• Financial, legal, regulatory, and
organizational barrier
• Lack of non-discriminatory open access to
key energy infrastructure
Energy Efficiency Strategy
• Goal to reduce emissions by 12% of business-asusual predictions by 2014
• Improve the health of the nation
• Creation of jobs
• Energy Poverty Alleviation
• Reduced local Pollution
• Reduced Carbon Dioxide Emissions
• Improved Industrial Competitiveness
• Increased Energy Security
• Defer additional generation capacity
Vulnerability
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Health Sector
Water Resources
Rangelands
Agriculture
Forestry
Biodiversity
Vulnerability
• Health Sector
– Malaria
• Environmental factors influence the distribution,
transmission intensity, outcome, small-scale
variation and seasonality
• Climate is considered the most important factor
in limiting global distribution
• Expected extension of the malaria prone areas
CDM
• Pushed for CDMs at COP8
• 2 projects registered (of 151 total
projects)
• In continental africa-only four projects
total
• Average Annual Reductions from CDMs
25,739
Durban Landfill Gas to Energy
Project
• First project in Africa
• Agreement between Druban and the World
Bank
• Install 180 wells to capture methane from 3
landfills
• 3.8m tonnes of CERs will be sold for $15m
• Reduces emissions in two ways
Other Projects
• Cities for climate
change
– Energy efficiency in
8 cities
• Coalbed Methane
Outreach Program
– Capturing coal mine
methane for energy
production