Transcript Gilles Van Hamme, TIGER

Territorial impacts of globalization on European
Regions
Van Hamme Gilles
IGEAT-ULB
Liege meeting
November 2010
2/25
The team
Lead partner : IGEAT-ULB
Partners
Pp2 (UK): School of real estate and planning. University of Reading
Pp3 (France): CNRS (mainly Université de Normandie)
Pp4 (Italy): Dpto Studi Europei e Interculturali, Sapienza Università di
Roma
Pp5 (Sweden): Internationella Handelshögskolan i Jönköping AB
Pp6 (Bulgaria): Institute of Geography BAS
3/25
Major questions and objectives
1. Objective 1: to assess how Europe, its regions and cities
participate in the global flows and networks and how the global
processes impact on the territorial structures of Europe.
How can territorial policies help to improve the position of the different
types of regions in the world and ensure the objectives of social and
territorial cohesion despite the potentially unequal impacts of
globalization on European territories?
2. Objective 2: : to analyse the impacts of territorial structures on
European performances
How can territorial policy improve European competitiveness? For
example, should we invest mainly in the global cities to improve
Europe’s position in the world?
3. Objective 3: to analyse how Europe and its territories position
themselves in the world through cooperation and networking
with other parts of the world.
How this positioning participates in achieving the objectives of
improving competitiveness as well as social and territorial cohesion?
4/25
The architecture of the Project
5/25
WP 2.2. Territorial structures in a comparative perspective
1. To provide updated divisions of the world (WUTS)
2. To Compare Europe with other parts of the world according to
the main political objectives of EU: competitiveness, social and
territorial cohesion
3. To assess the territorial structures of Europe in a comparative
3-D approach: level of concentration (density),
inequalities/mobility (distance) and internal mobility
(divisions):
-
-
To assess the contemporary urban structure in Europe, including the
role of gateways. More precisely, to assess the position of European
cities in the global networks in a comparative perspective;
To assess the internal mobility in the European space (people, goods
and capital)
To assess the territorial inequalities of Europe in a comparative and
long term perspective.
6/25
1. European Urban structure in a comparative perspective
1 - Elaboration of a database of all cities with more than 500000
inhabitants which include: Population (1990-2007), GDP (six sectors
1995-2006), airflows and Fortune indicators (2005)
2 – Databases and analyses will be completed with original data coming
from Flows and Networks’ WP (2.3). This should include GAWC
(2000,2004, 2008), port gateways, financial data (cross-listings and
real estates), airflows (1990-1999-2008-2010), Fortune,..
3 – The analysis should privilege the dynamic aspects since I guess we
understand sufficiently well why urban structure is more concentrated
in USA. Main questions relate to the dynamics of concentration
(metropolitanization? At which scale? National- macro-regional global) of:
- population;
- GDP;
- High level services;
- Air and port networks.
7/25
Basic results
Table 1. Population of major cities in US and Europe in 2006
Europe (ESPON space)
Share of
Rank of the cities
Total
the cities
The whole
population
population
1 to 5
41 012 300
17%
8%
1 to10
61 055 900
25%
12%
1 to 20
87 813 300
37%
17%
1 to 50
139 554 600
58%
28%
Source: FOCI, Urban Audit, US Census Bureau
USA
Total
52 818 471
78 639 292
112 803 829
160 919 486
Share of
the cities
The whole
population population
27%
18%
40%
27%
58%
38%
83%
54%
Map 1. Population of cities (functional areas) with more than 500000 inhabitants in US and ESPON space,
2006
8/25
Basic results : airflows (2)
9/25
The GAWC data to assess Urban network dynamics in a comparative
perspective
Top 12 - 2000
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
LON
100.00
NY
97.10
HK
73.08
TOKYO
70.64
PARIS
69.72
SINGAPORE 66.61
CHICAGO
61.18
MILAN
60.44
MADRID
59.23
LOS ANG
58.75
SYDNEY
58.06
FRANKFURT 57.53
Top 12 -2008
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
NY
100.00
LON
99.32
HK
83.41
PARIS
79.68
SINGAPORE 76.15
TOKYO
73.62
SYDNEY
70.93
SHANGHAI
69.06
MILAN
69.05
BEIJING
67.65
MADRID
65.95
MOSCOW
64.85
- NY and LON are now near equivalent
- All US cities except New York drop out of top rankings
- Cities linking to the WCN from the semi-periphery increase their WCN
connectivity, e.g. Shanghai, Beijing, Moscow
- Half the top 20 global service centres are now in the Asia Pacific region
10/25
WP 2.3. Flows and networks
“Analyse the space of flows at the world level and understand its meaning in terms of
territorial development and new territorial structures”, that is:
1. To assess the position of Europe and its territories in different types of flows?
- Economic (Regional trade, value chain),
- Financial (stock-exchange flows, real estate investments flows at the city
level)
- Migratory (women, highly qualified)
- knowledge (license payments, patent citations)
- Transport (maritime, air)
2. Four scales:
Europe
Countries
Regions
Cities
3. To assess how the flows related to globalization impact on the territorial
structure of Europe?
11/25
Europe and countries in the world trade: a long term perspective
The declining position of Europe
35.0
30.0
1968
1978
1995
2005
1988
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Share of extra-West European trade in the world trade
excluding intra-block trade
Share of intra-West European trade in the world trade
12/25
Europe and countries in the world trade: a long term perspective
An integrated and not so open economy
EU-27
NAFTA
China
Japan
Middle East
and Northern
Africa
Subsaharian
Africa
INTRA-BLOCK trade (%)
Ratio Exports (extra)/GDP by blocks (%)
1987
1995
2000
2006
1987
1995
2000
2006
63.4
65.5
65.3
66.6
7.5
8.9
8.0
10.9
47.8
45.7
55.4
53.7
3.4
5.2
4.5
4.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.6
5.6
6.5
9.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.3
15.1
15.1
16.2
3.1
5.6
4.0
5.4
13.4
12.7
17.6
20.3
5.7
10.8
10.2
9.6
8.2
7.5
7.9
11.3
Latin America
14.0
26.8
26.0
24.1
4.3
4.3
4.9
7.8
Rest of Asia
(excluding
NIC)
ex-USSR
10.7
0.0
14.0
26.9
13.8
20.7
18.0
19.0
4.2
6.2
6.3
6.6
6.9
7.4
10.9
-
13/25
Europe and countries in the world trade: a long term perspective
A stable role in the international division of labour
Capital intensive
2
US67
US87
US07
US97
1
UK07
primary
camero o n67
-2
-1.5
Greece67
Japan87
Greece07
Greece97
Ro mania07
0
0
-0.5
-1
Greece87
Ro mania97
Greece77
Ro mania67
Ko rea67
germany97
germany77
germany87
germany67
germany07
West Euro pe07
Ko rea07
Japan77
UK67
UK77
pe97
West Euro
Euro pe87
West
West Euro pe77
Hungary07
West Euro pe67
Spain07
1.5
1
0.5
UK87
UK97
camero o n07 camero o n87
camero o n77
camero o n97
US77
Japan07
Japan97
Italy07
Hungary97 Spain97
Spain87
Ro mania87
-1
Italy87
Ko rea97
Hungary87
Hungary77
Spain67
Hungary67
Italy97
Japan67
Italy77
Italy67
Spain77
Ro mania77
-2
China87
Ko rea87
China97
Ko rea77
-3
China77
China67
-4
labour intensive
China07
2
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
14/25
Europe and countries in the world trade: a long term perspective
The changing geographical pattern of Europe’s position in the world
trade
15/25
WP 2.4. Political cooperation and networks
1) To analyse the different forms of cooperation between Europe and the
rest of the world and to assess which vision of Europe of the world it
supports
2) To focus on neighbourhood policies to see whether there is a real
integration between Europe and neighbouring regions
3) To assess the “new regionalism” by the analysis of network cooperation
and networks of excellence between European actors, including public
bodies such as regions, and the rest of the world
16/25
Conclusion
1. Identifying the key-driving forces of globalization and its impact on
European territories at different scales in relation with the main political
questions
2. To classify European cities and regions according to their position in the
global space of flows.
On this basis, we can produce:
- Prospective results: how globalization trends will impact on European
territories
- Policy options differentiated according to the city/regions’s position in
the world economy.