Transcript Economic Geography of the European integration

Economic Geography of the
European integration
dr. Jeney László
Senior lecturer
[email protected]
Economic Geography
I. International Business bachelor study programme (BA)
Autumn term 2015/2016.
CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies
Factors of European
integration process after WW2.
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Military/defence factors (important rather at the very
beginning)
– Soviet military threats (initially German)
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Economic (later)
– Balancing of the American hegemony in world economy
– Collapse of colonial empires
– Scientific-technical revolution  large-series production, but
small national markets
– Expenditures of R&D, free movement of capital
– Joining of energetic, transport, telecommunication and
informatic system  spread of services
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Principled idea
– ‘European thinkers’, Europe as a country (rules, parliament,
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constitution, citizenship, currency, flag, anthem, troops)
Beginning of the
European integration:
Treaty of Rome, 1958.
I. ECSC – European Coal and Steel Community (1952)
II. EURATOM (1958)
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–
Friendly usage of nuclear energy
Development of researches, technologies, coordination of
trade
III. EEC – European Economic Community (1958), its 3
main directions:
1.
2.
3.
Establishment of a customs union
Establishment of an economic union
Establishment of development funds
–
GB: stayed out (common agricultural, customs policy not its
interest)
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SU: just a ‘further imperialist manoeuvre’
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Ratification (1957): D, F, I, NL, B, L
International voice
1st widening, 1973.
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1970: talks have started with 4 countries: GB, IRL, N, DK
Main questions (ended with compromise):
GB agreed:
– Font-Sterling has not become a special currency
– The French remained the 1st working language
– EC evolved towards a federative way
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Claims of GB (the others has not):
– Temporary derogations: coastal fishing areas 10, joining to the
agricultural market 5, to the ECSC 5, to the industrial common
market 4, to the EUROATOM 1 year
– Only gradually increasing contribution to the common budget till
1978
– Same place in the institutions like the other large ones (D, F, I)
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Ratifications: GB, IRL, DK yes, N no
Largest market (252 mn), GDP (630 bn $, however it4 is
only 2/3 of the US GDP)
Accession of Greece,
1981.
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1959: application for associated membership (1962 articles of
partnership)
1967–1974: ‘coup’  military junta (‘Black Colonels’)
1975: application for full EC-membership
Slow political stabilization
Difference: orthodox
Bad relation with TR – GR – TR conflict (from the legend of Trojan
horse)
– „Population exchange”, persecutions in both sides
– Question of Cyprus: in 1974 TR occupied NE third of CY (Turkish
Republic of Northern Cyprus)
– Jurisdictional waters of Aegean Sea
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GR did not make demands
Development was not a criterion
GR has not catch up its lag
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Iberian Accession, 1986.
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Included in the West European thought since the Romans
15th–17th century: strong, 18th–20th centrury: weakened
Post-war: authority regimes remained
P: Salasar
– Founding member of EFTA
– Colonial wars (Angola, Mozambique), support from USA
– 1974: carnation revolution – democratization by a socdem. leading
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E: Franco
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–
–
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1972:
1975:
1982:
1983:
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application for associated membership to the EEC
democratization by the leading of Juan Carlos from the top
Felipe González (NATO membership)
talks (I, F slower the accession)
Harder case: large population, agriculture, dense industry, regional policy
Lot of temporary derogation, rapid economic growth
EEC: increased with 50 mio people (large market) ‘Blue Europe’6
German reunification,
1990.
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1989: no one expected to this
East German tourists at the Embassies of D
– Political Office (Politbüro) of DDR has resigned (free emigration,
collapse of wall)
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Those who could lost by the German reunification
– Leaders of DDR, SU (lost position), F, GB (occupation rights)
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USA: not disinterested
Paris, Palace of President: agreement outside, fear inside
1990: free elections in DDR (Christian democrats 
rapid reunification)
In law DDR joined to D (also to EC, NATO)
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D: huge country in the middle of Europe, self-restraints
The gradually widening EU, as
synonym of Europe
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Treaty of Maastricht: any European country can join,
which respects the principles of the EU
– Morocco: refused  outside from Europe
– Turkey: refused  outside from Europe + other factors
– But parts of the EU: Cyprus + numerous dependencies (e.g.
French Guiana)
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Copenhagen criteria (1993)
– Political (democracy, rule of law, human and minority rights)
– Economic (functioning market economy)
– Legislative alignment (to bring the laws into the line with EU law
– acquis communautaire)
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Accession must not endanger the results of the EU
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The North Accession,
1995.
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EU came to existence: who drops out, that drops behind
North Countries: EFTA (European Free Trade Association)
– Good relations between EC and EFTA
– 1977: free trade of industrial products
– 1994: European Economic Area (EEA): EU12 + A, SF, IS, N, S (+ 1995:
FL)
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Adoption 80% single of market rules (expect for agriculture, fishing)
New rules: possibility of consultation
1993: accession talks: A, SF, N, S
N: refused by referendum
Beneficial for EU
– Euro scepticism after Treaty of Maastricht (economic – political crisis)
– Weight of EU strengthened in world economy
– Beneficial for introduction of common currency
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Significance of EEA declined (hardly more than EU)
– IS, FL, N, CH remained EFTA members
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„Reunification” of
Europe, 2004.
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East Central Europe: transition
„Europe Agreements”: association treaties (H: 1994)
Committee makes country reports (avis) (June 1997)
Council decides on the acceptance of application
(December 1997)
2003: referendum in the candidate countries on the
membership
– H: 88% yes (however: participation only 46%)
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2003:
2004:
2007:
2013:
Athens: 10 countries sign the accession treaty
25 EU member states
BG, RO also members
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Croatia (talks from 2005)  28 members
Further enlargement 
future boundaries of
EUrope
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Iceland: requested (2013)
Official candidate countries
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Albania
Macedonia: (from 2005 with no talks)
Montenegro (from 2010)
Serbia (from 2012)
Turkey
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accession talks from 2005
membership unlikely before 2020
Potential candidates: Bosnia–H, Kosovo
Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova?
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