Transcript Workshop 3 - Territorial integration in cross-border and

ESPON Internal Seminar 2013
“Territorial Evidence for Cohesion Policy 2014-2020
and Territorial Agenda 2020”
Workshop 3 – Territorial integration in cross-border and
transnational functional regions
ITAN – Black Sea case study, first results
Pierre BECKOUCHE
Q1 - The Black Sea region is largely analysed & monitored…
Regional governance
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The Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (1992)
The Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC, 1999, + Serbia & Montenegro since 2004)
UE Black Sea Strategy (2008):
 stimulate democratic and economic reforms
 support stability and promote development
 facilitate practical projects in areas of common concern
 open up opportunities and challenges through coordinated action
 encourage the peaceful resolution of conflicts in the region.
Research projects, e.g.:
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ITAN: BS = Bulgaria, Georgia, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine / SNUTS 2-3
Envirogrid (FP7, 2013): environmental project ; watershed definition of “Black Sea”
 interactive geoportal & maps largely accessible to stakeholders: http://envirogrids.net
EU Border Regions (FP7, 2013): development options at the external EU borders.
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Q2 - … yet it faces heavy environmental stakes…
Envirogrid
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the Black Sea region as an
environmental hot spot
Black Sea: some signs of recovery
but eutrophication severe problem
Danube River Catchment: an
ecologically unsustainable devt
A project focused on the water
resource issue, throughout climate
change scenarios
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Q2 - … yet it faces heavy environmental stakes…
Envirogrid
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the Black Sea region as an
environmental hot spot
• Black Sea: some signs of recovery
but eutrophication severe problem
• Danube River Catchment: an
ecologically unsustainable devt
• A project focused on the water
resource issue, throughout climate
change scenarios
 An expected increase of Water
Stress Days whatever the scenario
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Q2 - … yet it faces heavy environmental stakes…
Envirogrid
•
the Black Sea region as an
environmental hot spot
• Black Sea: some signs of recovery
but eutrophication severe problem
• Danube River Catchment: an
ecologically unsustainable devt
• A project focused on the water
resource issue, throughout climate
change scenarios
 An expected increase of Water
Stress Days whatever the scenario
 Fewer Plant Growth Days to be
feared…
 … especially in Turkey
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Q2 - … economical competition EU v. Russia (& v. Turkey)
EUBorderRegions
• A territory in between EU’s and Russian influence:
• Trade: Russia is the second trade partner of Turkey and the first of Ukraine
• FDI: the EU is the major player; Turkey is a regional player
Trade
FDI
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Q2 - … economical competition EU v. Russia (& v. Turkey)
ITAN (Igeat team) –
The declining influence of
Europe upon most
Neighbours
e.g. privileged relations:
• air connections
• migration
• trade
• public aid cooperation
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Q2 - … and political competition (EU v. Russia)
ITAN – The Black Sea is caught in the vice between UE and Russia
• Romania and Bulgaria: UE
members but not in Eurozone
nor Schengen area
• Turkey: candidate country,
potential regional power
• Russia: a “Strategic” – and
competitive! – EU partner
• Moldova, Ukraine & Georgia:
complex relations with Russia
(Transnistria, Abkhazia, Crimea…)
• Case of Ukraine: by-passed
by Russian gas to the EU;
under pressure to join the
Eurasian Custom Union before
signing the ENP Association 8
Q2 - … and political competition (EU v. Russia)
ITAN (EVS team) - Geography of
BS non resident embassies
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In the BS region many countries are
represented only by a “nonresident embassy” (located out of
the related country)
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The number non-resident
embassies hosted in a country is
related to its diplomatic influence
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Q2 - … and political competition (EU v. Russia)
ITAN (EVS team) - Geography of
BS non resident embassies
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Good news: more than 50% of the
links are related to another Black
Sea country
BUT Ukraine, Georgia and Bulgaria
highly dependent vis-à-vis Russia
A small number of links with Turkey
Links outside of the BSC: namely
with EU members mostly Germany
and Italy
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Q2 - … and political competition (EU v. Russia)
ITAN (EVS team) –
“local diplomacy”: city twinning
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A large part with other Black Sea
cities; seaports often twinned
A same proportion of links with
other Espon cities
Other neighbourhoods and other
parts of the world: more
important than in the case of
diplomacy links.
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Q2 - … and political competition (EU v. Russia)
ITAN (EVS team) –
“local diplomacy”: city twinning
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Cities on the Ukrainian and the
Russian coasts are much related
to the former Soviet area,
especially Russia, Ukraine,
Moldova or Belarus.
Georgian cities and Istanbul are
more related to cities outside the
European region (USA for
Georgian cities, Asia for
Istanbul)
 Confirms political fragmentation
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Q3 – No regional integration in terms of level of devt
ITAN (CIST team) –
GDP per capita in 2010
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Overall very low level of
development
Huge disparity within the Black
Sea region (1 to 10 ratio)
The richer territories are not in the
EU but in Turkey
(Istanbul – Ankara corridor)
Strong disparities within Ukraine
(West v. East)
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Q3 – No regional integration in terms of level of devt
ITAN (CIST team) –
GDP per capita, 2000- 2010
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Increasing disparities in the
region as a whole
• UE: contrasted evolution
Romanian v. Bulgarian (except
Sofia) territories
• Turkey, Ukraine, Russia (+projects
in Taman, Sotchi, Krasnodar kraï):
increasing internal disparities
 this region is NOT converging
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