Water Management
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Transcript Water Management
CASS-Nottingham
Environmental Infrastructure
Workshop, 22 – 24 June, 2005
Water Stress in China:
Shortage and Pollution
CHEN Ying
Research Centre for Sustainable Development (RCSD)
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)
Content
Natural Endowment of Water Resources
Increasing Demand for Water Resources
Driven by Industrialization and Urbanization
Unsustainable Water Utilization
Overall Objectives of Water Management
Potential Options to Promote Sustainable
Development by Improving Water
Management
1. Natural Endowment of Water
Resources
m3
45900
50000
40000
Total volume: 2.8Trillion m3
Per capita: 2200 m3
29100
30000
19000
20000
¼ of world
average
level
9600
10000
2200
0
China
US
AUS
RUS
BRA
1.2 Uneven Distribution of Rainfall
Dry/Wet Regions
Annual rainfall
1.3 Frequent Occurrence of Natural
Disasters
Drought
Main natural disaster in northern China
Even in southern China, some regions may be
suffered from drought in the driest months
Hainan Province
Hunan Province
Flood
In most areas, precipitation of
the four wettest months take up
about 70% of the annual total,
often resulting in flooding.
2005-6-11
1999
2001
1.4 Severe Soil Erosion
Soil Erosion takes place
in an area of 3.56million
km2, about 37% of the
total land area in China
Annual quantity of soil
eroded reaches 5 billion
tons.
Upstream of Yellow River
across Hexi Corridor
2.1 Water Use Pattern
63.1
8
Agr.
Ind.
117.7
Res.
343.3
(64%)
Total: 532 billion m3 Water Use in 2003
Eco.
2. Increasing Demand for Water
Resources Driven by Industrialization
and Urbanization
During 1952-2002:
GDP increased 40 times, GDP per capita up 17
times;
Water use increased 4.3 times, water use per
capita 1.3 times higher;
Water demand projections for 2020:
Agr.%
Ind. %
Res. %
Eco. %
Scenario I:
595.5 b. m3
54.6
26.4
15.1
3.9
Scenario II:
663.5 b. m3
60.3
22.6
13.6
3.5
3. Unsustainable Water Utilization
Low efficiency of water use
Agricultural irrigation: water use coefficiency is only 0.4-0.5 in China comparing
to 0.7-0.8 in developed countries;
Industry: 24.1 m3 water /1000 RMB industrial
production, about 5-10 times that in developed
countries; water consumption per ton steel
produced 4-6 times higher than developed
countries
3. Unsustainable Water Utilization
Water pollution
4.6%
27.9%
Grade I
20.9%
Grade II
Grade III
Grade IV
8.7%
16.3%
21.6%
Grade V
inferior Grade V
Water quality monitoring for 7 rivers in 2004
3. Unsustainable Water Utilization
Waste of water
Leakage of water supply pipes can be 5-10%,
some up to 15-17%;
Over-extracted underground water
Cones of depressions
Dry wells
Seawater intrusions
Land subsidence
4. Overall Objectives of Water
Management
To guarantee access to safety
drinking water for human health;
Water supply under threats in urban
area;
360 million people in rural area lack of
safety drinking water, 190 million
people suffer from drinking water
harmful to their health;
4. Overall Objectives of Water
Management
To mitigate disasters of drought and flood
To guarantee food security;
To promote economic development;
To protect ecological environment;
Yellow River going dry
5. Potential Options to Promote
Sustainable Development by Improving
Water Management
Water transfer?
Waste water treatment?
Water saving?
5.1 South-to-North Water
Transfer Project
Three routes (east, middle and
west) connecting four major rivers
to form a new pattern of water
resource allocation (4 latitudinal
and 3 longitudinal);
44.8 billion m3 by 2050, equivalent
to the annual usable quantity of
water resources of Yellow River;
13.4 billion m3 for Phase I to relieve
water shortage in Beijing, Tianjin
and cities in eastern Shandong
Province;
High costs lead to high price
5.2 Waste Water Treatment
Among water pollution control projects of main river
basins in the tenth “Five-year-plan”, only 32% finished,
28% under construction and 40% not started;
Some newly built waste water treatment facilities rarely
operate;
Invested 79 million, Upstream of
Three Gorges
Wei River
5.2 Waste Water Treatment
Despite some
successful pilot
projects, the use of
treated water from
wastewater
treatment plant has
been very limited;
Some Key Elements of Efficient
Water Management System
Public awareness
Legislation
Technology
Economic incentives
Integrated management
Water Pricing System Reform
Beijing planned to introduce progressive
water prices but finally delayed to
implement;
Public Hearing
Integrated management
Coordinating interests between
Agricultural irrigation, industrial and
residential uses;
Upstream and downstream;
Surface and underground water
Water quantity and water quality
Seven “River Commissions”, as bureaus of
the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR)
were sep up to take this responsibility.
Email: [email protected]