Transcript antiprespirants and deodorants

ANTIPERSPIRANTS
AND DEODORANTS
We use chemicals to mask or prevent
unpleasant body odors and sweat.
There are two kinds of sweat- eccrine
and apocrine. Eccrine sweat,
produced in eccrine sweat glands (see
Figure 4.3) on almost all parts of the
skin, is the cooling mechanism of your
body.
Figure 4.3 Cross section of skin.
Figure 4.3 Cross section of skin.
Whenever exercise or environment
threatens to raise your temperature,
eccrine sweat is exuded onto skin to
evaporate.
Evaporation,
being
endothermic, takes away excess heat
energy so that your body temperature
remains fairly constant. Besides water,
eccrine sweat contains some organic
compounds and salts but does not
produce offensive odors.
Apocrine sweat, however, is a
different story. Apocrine glands
terminate in hair follicles (see Figure
4.3) at only a few places on your bodyyour underarms being one of those
locations..
 Your nervous system activates these
glands, which secrete liquid in
proportion to the stress you feel.
Although mostly water, about I percent
of apocrine sweat consists of fat,
cellular fragments, and bacteria. When
exposed to the air, bacteria begin to
flourish, producing smelly 'compounds
and hence body odor
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
There are five ways products can combat
this body odor:
Inhibit the production of apocrine sweat
Prevent the sweat produced from
reaching the open air on the skin
Kill offending bacteria in the exposed
sweat
Decompose foul-smelling substances the
bacteria create
Mask odors with more pleasant
fragrances.
Clearly, the most effective actions are at the
top of the list.
The federal government requires that
manufacturers reveal the general action of
their product. If it works by Methods 1 or 2
above, then it can be called an
antiperspirant. If it works by any of the
others, it must be called a deodorant.
Some products with combinations of
ingredients can claim to be both.
The active ingredient in most
antiperspirants is one of the aluminum
chlorohydrates, A12(OH)5Cl or A12(OH)4Cl2,
or a zirconium-aluminum salt. These are
water-soluble ionic compounds that
produce A13+ ions in solution. Aluminum
ions bind to the ducts of sweat glands,
shrinking the openings and forming an
aluminum-keratin complex that plugs up
many ducts.
 The flow of perspiration is reduced or, for
some glands, prevented altogether. In
addition, aluminum chlorohydrates kill
bacteria in the apocrine sweat that does
reach the skin. This pore-clogging action
cannot be used by everyone. Because sebum
glands open up in the same places the
apocrine glands do, both can get obstructed.
For certain susceptible people, rashes (sort
of an underarm acne) can develop.
Deodorants, which have ingredients to
kill bacteria and absorb, decompose (by
oxidation), or mask odors, are alternatives
for people who are unable to use
antiperspirants. Besides providing a
pleasing aroma, they include ingredients
such as alcohols (which kill bacteria by
dehydrating them) and various phenols
(which kill bacteria by denaturing their
proteins).
Antiprespirant /deodorant cream
 Stearic acid
 Bees wax
 Liquid paraffin
 Tween 80
 Al-chlorhydrate
 Cetrimide
 Water to
14.0
2.0
1.0
5.0
12.0
1.0
100
Deodorant Stick
 Stearic acid
 Sodium hydroxide
 D.water
 Glycerol
 Cetrimide
 Ethanol
3.4
0.6
1.0
7.5
0.75
75
Deodorant Stick
 Stearic acid
 Sodium carbonate
 Glycerol
 Cetrimide
 Water
7.5
2.5
88
1
1
 Procedure:
 In a porcelain dish
 1.
Dissolve sodium carbonate in water-glycerol
mixture, and heat on water bath at 75-80 oC.
 2. Add stearic acid gradually with stirring on the
water bath until complete soap formation.
 4. Remove from water bath and addthe perfume.
 5. pour in the container while hot.
. Deodorant acceptable claims
 Absorbent that helps keep you dry
 • Anti‐odourant
 • Controls odour
 • Deodorant
 • Fights bad odour
 • Kills odour‐causing bacter
Deodorant unacceptable claims
 • Antiperspirant (for products that do not
 affect perspiration)
 • Controls perspiration
 • Controls sweat
Antiperspirant acceptable claims
 • 24 hour antiperspirant effect (products
 that demonstrate 20% sweat reduction
 within a 24‐hour period)
 • Antiperspirant
 • Body responsive
 • Clinical (qualified as clinical testing)
 • Clinical protection (must be qualified
 with “clinically proven extra effective
 wetness protection”, and must
 demonstrate 30% or more sweat
Antiperspirant acceptable claims
 reduction within a period of 24 hours)
 • Clinically tested/proven/trials
 • Extra effective (products that
 demonstrate 30% or more sweat
 reduction within a 24‐hour period)
 • Helps keep you dry
 • Protects against wetness
 • Reduces (or provides protection
 against) underarm perspiration
Antiperspirant unacceptable claims
 Clinical (unqualified)
 • Clinical protection (unqualified)
 • Clinical strength/effect/action
 • Helps check, halt or stop underarm
 wetness, dampness or perspiration
 • Hyperhidrosis
 • Persistent protection (i.e., usually
 significantly greater than 24 hours,
 based on a mechanism of action that
 modifies organic function)