Transcript Deodorants

Sweat glands are small tubular structures of the skin that
produce sweat. There are two main types of sweat
glands:
Eccrine glands and apocrine glands.
Eccrine Glands:

They are present all over the body and highly
concentrated on the palms, soles, forehead and axillae
(armpits)

Present at birth.

Secretion consists mainly of water 99% and small
amounts of inorganic and organic salts.

Known as the true sweat glands since their main
function is to control the body temperature.
Apocrine Glands
 Apocrine sweat glands are mostly concentrated in the axilla, pubic
region, and areolas.

Glands develop during childhood and its inactive till puberty

Their secretion is the result of emotional stimuli such as excitements,
anger and fear.

Produce a more viscous solution than eccrine glands and it consists
of fatty acids, amino acids, and some fatty hormones and produces
odor when decomposed by bacteria.

Presence of hair increases axillary odor, since it acts as a collection
site for secretion and bacteria.
A
deodorant is a products applied to the
body to prevent body odor caused by the
bacterial breakdown of perspiration in
armpits, feet, and other areas of the body
and do not reduce wetness .
 A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants,
affect odor as well as prevent sweating by
affecting sweat glands.
 Roll-
on.
 Stick.
 Aerosols.
 Gel.
 Creams and lotions
 Are
designed to reduce (axillary ) wetness.
(astringent and protein precipitant).
 They
classified as drugs (because their mode of
action affect a body function).
 Have
a coagulating effect on skin protein so they
block the opening of sweat ducts on the skin
surface

Are designed to reduce axillary odor, since this is
considered a non-therapeutic purpose and a
function of the body is not considered to be
altered.

They typically contain fragrance to mask body
odor so its considered as cosmetics.
 Bactericide
or antiseptics which destroy
bacteria and prevent their activity
Deodorants
Antiperspirants
- Has a topical effect (Cosmetics)
- Has a therapeutic effect (OTC)
- Does not reduce sweat amount
- Reduce amount of sweat secretion
- Contain adsorbent, fragrance and
germicide
- Contain adsorbent, fragrance,
germicide, and astringent
- Deodorant is not Antiperspirants.
- Antiperspirants is deodorant
Properties of deodorants and antiperispirants:
 Should
be not irritant on the skin.
 Not
deteriorate clothing.
 Safe
and non toxic
 Easy
to use and adhere well on skin.
 Fragrance
or perfume to disguise offending
body odor (e.g. Musk scent from eythylene
dodecanedioate).
 Germicide
to destroy odor-producing
bacteria.( e.g. long-chain quaternary
ammonium salt , zinc salts, phenol such as
triclosan, or chemical sush as benzethonium.

They are deodrants that additionally impede the
production of perspiration.

Active ingredients eg. Aluminum chlorohydrates
(Astringents) or aluminum zirconium
tetrachlorohydrex glycine complex.(12 – 20%).

Mechanism of action:
active ingredient will diffuse into the sweat and
apocrine glands and insoluble hydroxide gel will be
produced in sweat pores and thus physically blocking
the release of secretory products by constricting the
opening of the sweat gland ducts.

Some aluminum salt solution have a low PH(2-3)
this can cause irritation to the skin. By adding a
buffering agent to their solution such as urea or
borax can raise the PH to 4.

They hydrolyze to acid and can damage
fabrics. High temperature also causes their
hydrolysis and damage fabric (when ironed fabrics
without washing them from the antiperspirant).

Good astringent.

Have no effect on the skin (non-irritant).

Does not have fabrics damage.

PH of its Salt 4 – 4.5.

But if remain in fabric without washing, heat will hydrolyze
it and will damage fabrics.
Raw Material
Role of Actions
Aluminium chlorohydrate
Main active solution 50%
Alcohol
To dissolve perfume
Glycerin
Emollient
Barox
Increase PH of the solution &
counteract irritation of Aluminium
chlorohydrate
Perfume
Deodorant effect
Water
Raw Material
Role of Actions
Aluminium chlorohydrate
50%
Propylene glycol
Emollient & enhance spreading
Alcohol 450 ml
Help quick drying and aids in the
solubility of perfume
Perfume
Bactericide
Water
Cetrimide or Chlorhexidine diacetate
Raw Material
Role of Actions
Oleyl mono stearate
Surface active agent
•Mineral Oil
•Petroleum Jelly semisolid
Oil phase fatty base
Spermaceti
fatty base AND hardening agent
Glycerin
emollient and anti drying
Aluminium chlorohydrate
Astringent (active ingredients)
Perfume
Deodorant
Methyl And Propyl hydroxy paraben
Preservative
water
Also we can add antiseptic like Chlorhixidine diacetate

Consists of Viscous lotions.

Packed in a special applicator fitted with a ball at
the neck which disperses a film of liquid as it is
rolled over the skin. Liquids must flow easily but
SHOULD HAVE sufficient viscosity to prevent
leakage from the ball head.

So thickening agent as methyl cellulose ,
magnesium aluminum silicate and vegum must be
used.

Alcohol, propylene glycol or glycerin added to
prevent crystallization of the astringent.
Raw Material
Role of Actions
Aluminium chlorohydrate
astringent
Propylene glycol
prevent crystallization and
improve spreading
Methyl cellulose
Viscosity enhancing agent
Water
disperses and dissolves
ingredients
Perfume
deodorant
•Methyl parahydroxy benzoate
•Propyl parahydroxy benzoate
preservatives


To prepare stick we use sodium stearate as solidifying
agent which needs an alkaline PH so Aluminium
chlorohydrate is incompatible (with soap used in the
preparation of stick (Aluminium chlorohydrate has a low
PH ).

We use instead of Aluminium chlorohydrate Aluminium
chlorhydroxy lactate (high PH compatible with the soap
used.

But it is ineffective like Aluminium chlorohydrate.

it contains also bactericidal and perfume so acts as
antiperspirant and deodorant.
Mechanism
Example
Odor Maskers
Volatile Oils
Adsorbed
Powder (Talc)
Antibacterial
Eg. Quaternary ammonium
Surfactant and antiseptics
Bacteriostatic and bactericide
enzyme inhibitors
Subs inhibit enzyme involved in
Bacterial action
Antioxidants
Subs Inhibit oxidation of fatty
Acids to a volatile ingredients
 Powder
A simple way of dealing with excessive perspirations
is to apply an absorbent powder with or without
antiseptic.
Quantity
Material
50 gm
Boric acid (Antiseptic)
50 gm
Light Mg C03
900 gm
Talc (Adsorbent)
0.3% to 0.5%
Perfume
 Vanishing cream
base, containing antibacterial
such as Hexachlorophene or quaternary
ammonium compound.

N.B (The emulsifier of the cream should be
compatible with the antiseptic used) eg.
Anticeptic is cationic and emulsifier anionic they
will react with each other.
Examples:
Raw Materials
Role of Actions
Hexachlorophene
Active ingredients (antiseptics)
Glyceryl Monostearate
Emulsifying agent (non-ionic)
Stearic acid cetyl alchold
Oil phase or fatty base
KoH
Emulsifier
Propylene glycol
Humactant
Water
Vehicle (Aqueous phase)
Perfume
o Base should possess certain solidity or resistance
to deformation during warm weather and to be
applicable with moderate pressure.

NB. Glycerin or
propylene glycol forms a clear
transparent gel in presence of
sodium stearate which acts as
a base for deodorant stick.
Example:
Rx
Sodium stearate
Alcohol
Propylene glycol
Hexachlorophene
Perfume