Transcript Ch 4.1-4.5 pt 1 AP Chem Student - Zumdahl ppt

PHall AP info. NOT integrated into this presentation - REVISED SEPT 2013
Chapter 4.1-4.5
Pt 1
Types of Chemical
Reactions and Solution
Stoichiometry
Sugar & Potassium Chlorate video not sure where it goes...
Chapter Four:
TYPES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS AND
SOLUTION
STOICHIOMETRY
Chapter 4
Table of Contents
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Water, the Common Solvent
The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak
Electrolytes
The Composition of Solutions
Types of Chemical Reactions
Precipitation Reactions
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved
2
Chapter 4
Current & Upcoming Assignments - TUES - OCT 1, 2013
Table of Contents
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CW: Go over some previous problems.
Notes 4.1-4.5+ including videoclips
Check balanced eqn sheet on computer - show score
Quiz - Types of chemical rxns (based on last year
classifications)
• Homework Ch. 4 part 1
• Sect.4.1-4.5+ pg. 171-173 #17ab,18a-d+, 21a-c, 23a-d, 26, 27,
30a, 31, 33, 36(a-h), 38(a-d), 40, 41b, 47, 49, & 53
• (36 parts) due Monday - October 7th. Keep in mind you will have other
assignments on Thursday also, so try to get as much done now as you can.
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HW: Lab report Mass vs. Mole Relationships due Thursday
HW: Study for ch. 3 quiz on Thursday
HW today due with limiting reactants w/sheet by end of block.
TEST ch.3-4 tentatively set for October 11th
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Section 4.1
Water, the Common Solvent
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One of the most important
substances on Earth.
Can dissolve many
different substances.
A polar molecule because
of its unequal charge
distribution.
Click on link below to see
interactive water molecule.
http://www.edinformatics.com/interactive_molecules/water.htm
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3
Section 4.1
Water, the Common Solvent
• A water molecule is formed when two atoms of hydrogen
bond covalently with an atom of oxygen. In a covalent
bond electrons are shared between atoms. In water the
sharing is not equal. The oxygen atom attracts the
electrons more strongly than the hydrogen. This gives
water an asymmetrical distribution of charge. Molecules
that have ends with partial negative and positive
charges are known as polar molecules. It is this polar
property that allows water to separate polar solute
molecules and explains why water can dissolve so many
substances.
Water is a good solvent due to its polarity. The solvent
properties of water are vital in biology, because many
biochemical reactions take place only within aqueous 6
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Section 4.1
Water, the Common Solvent
• When an ionic or polar compound enters water, it is surrounded
by water molecules. The relatively small size of water molecules
typically allows many water molecules to surround one molecule
of solute. The partially negative dipoles of the water are
attracted to positively charged components of the solute, and
vice versa for the positive dipoles.
An example of an ionic solute is table salt.
Liquid water has a partially ordered structure in which hydrogen
bonds are constantly being formed and breaking up.
The strong hydrogen bonds also give water a high cohesiveness
and, consequently, surface tension. This is evident when small
quantities of water are put onto a nonsoluble surface and the
water stays together as drops.
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7
Section 4.1 You must be in play mode to watch the videoclip
Water, the Common Solvent
4:51
QuickTime™ and a
Sorenson Video decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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8
Dissolution of a Solid in a Liquid
Click here to watch video.
MUST LOG-IN TO TEXTBOOK - [email protected]
Hornets13 password
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
4–
Solute
A solute is the dissolved substance in a
solution.
Salt in salt water
Sugar in soda drinks
Carbon dioxide in soda drinks
Solvent
A solvent is the dissolving medium in a
solution.
Water in salt water
Water in soda
“Like Dissolves Like”
Nonpolar solutes dissolve best in nonpolar
solvents
Fats
Benzene
Steroids
Hexane
Waxes
Toluene
Polar and ionic solutes dissolve best in polar
solvents
Inorganic Salts
Sugars
(sugars are molecular
not ionic but
does dissolve in water well))
Water
Small alcohols
Acetic acid
Mr. Vann’s Demonstration movie of Like Dissolves Like
Make sure you are in Play mode to watch - automatically plays
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Section 4.2
The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes
Nature of Aqueous Solutions
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Solute – substance being dissolved.
Solvent – liquid water.
Electrolyte – substance that when dissolved
in water produces a solution that can conduct
electricity.
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5
Section 4.3
The Composition of Solutions
Continue with 4.1-4.5 Part 2 Presentation
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