Transcript Slide 1
Solutions ▪ Define solution as solvent & solute(s) ▪ Be able to identify the components of solution – Solvent: the fraction of a solution in which the other components are dissolved. – Solute: a substance that is dissolved in a solvent to produce a solution. – Dissolve: When individuals ions or molecules of a solute are surrounded by solvent molecules – Dissociate: The dissolving of an ionic compound or the ionizing of a covalent compound (i.e. acids) Types of Solutions S olu te Appearan ce S olve n t of S ol u ti on Exam ple Gas i n Liqu i d Liqu i d in Liqu i d S oli d i n Liqu i d Gas i n Gas S oli d i n S oli d Liqu i d Liqu i d Liqu i d Gas S oli d C arbon ate d w ate r W in e S alt water (s al in e sol uti on ) Ai r 14 C arat gold Electrolytes Molecular (if they dissolve…) oStrong electrolyte Dissolve & 100% Dissociate Strong & Weak oWeak electrolyte Dissolve & <100% Dissociate Acids oNonelectrolyte Dissolve & None Dissociate Just about everything Ionic - Dissolve = Dissociate in water Else, i.e. sugar, alcohols 100 soluble: Strong Electrolyte Solubility ▪ Define solubility ▪ Understand the factors that affect solubility between water and a solute 1. Temperature 2. Pressure 3. Intermolecular attractions Based on intermolecular attractions predict if a solute will dissolve in a particular solvent Describe what happens between water and salt when the salt dissolves Recognize compounds that take part in Hbonding Define and Apply Units of Solution Concentration ▪ Percent o (w/v)% - (g solute/ml solution)x100% o (w/w)% - (g solute/g solution)x100% o (v/v)% - (ml solute/ml solution)x100% ▪ Molarity(M): moles solute/liters solution ▪ Osmolarity(OsM) : n*M Number of ions in formula n=1 for molecules Understand how osmolarity relates to molarity ▪ Perform calculations using molarity, percent conc. and osmolarity Freezing Point Depression Predict and calculate the lowest freezing point for solutions Number of ions in formula n=1 for molecules Change in freezing point [mass (g)]/[molec wt (g/mole)] ΔT = n*(1.86oC)*(moles of particles) mole Constant Osmosis, Dialysis ▪ ▪ ▪ Understand the process of osmosis and how it relates to blood cells Define Hypotonic solutions Hypertonic solutions Isotonic solutions Hemolysis Crenation Compare dialysis to osmosis