Transcript Nomenclature of Acids and Complex ions

Nomenclature of Acids
and Organic Functional
groups
Nomenclature of Acids
 Bianary
Acids – compounds of H+
and a non-metal
– Use the prefix hydro and suffix –ic and
add acid
Example:
HCl – hydrochloric acid
HBr – hydrobromic acid
Oxoacids

Contain H and O and another element
– No prefix hydro
For ions ending in ate add the suffix
–ic and the word acid
Example:

H2SO4 – (sulfate ion) sulfuric acid
HNO3 – (nitrate ion) nitric acid
HClO3 – (chlorate ion) choric acid
Oxoacids
 For
ions ending in ite add the suffix –
ous and acid
Examples:
H2SO3 – (sulfite ion) sulfurous acid
HNO2 – nitrous acid
HClO2 – chlorous acid
Oxoacids
 For
acids with one less oxygen than
the –ite ion use the prefix hypo
 For acids with one more oxygen than
the –ate ion use the prefix per
Example
ClO2 is chlorite, so ClO is
hypochlorite
ClO3 is chlorate, so ClO4 is
perchlorate
Oxoacids
 HClO
is called?
– Hypochorous acid
 HClO4
is called?
– Perchloric acid
 H3PO4
is called?
– Phosporic acid
Summary of Oxoacids
Anion
ClO- (hypochlorite)
Acid Name
hypochlorous acid
ClO2 - (chlorite)
chlorous acid
ClO3 - (chlorate)
chloric acid
ClO4 - (perchlorate)
perchloric acid
Origin of organic compounds
 Naturally
occurring organic compounds are
found in plants, animals, and fossil fuels
 All of these have a plant origin
 Synthetic organic compounds are derived
from fossil fuels or plant material
Functional groups
 Functional
groups are parts of molecules
that result in characteristic features
 About
100 functional groups exist, we will
focus on 10
 Useful
to group the infinite number of
possible organic compounds
**You will need to memorize the family name
and associated general structure
 The
functional groups determine if
a molecule is soluble in water
– Hydrocarbons are only slightly polar
and tend to be insoluble in water
 These
include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes,
and aromatic compounds
– Molecules with polar functional
groups tend to be soluble in water
 These
include alcohols, carboxylic acids,
amines, and amides
Distillation
petroleum is refined
by boil the crude oil
and condensing the
vapors between
temperature ranges
The liquid collected at
each range is called a
fraction and the
process is called
fractional
distillation
Carbon forms four bonds
 Carbon
can form four bonds, and forms
strong covalent bonds with other elements
 This can be represented in many ways …
H
O
C
C
H
Cl
C
CH
C
Cl
H
CH2
H3C
Cl
C
C
H3C
CH3
CH
CH
CH2
CH2
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH2
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
Alkynes
C
Alkenes
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
Aromatics
C
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
C
C
H
H
Mnemonic for first four prefixes
First four prefixes
 Meth Eth Prop But-
Monkeys
Eat
Peeled
Bananas
Other prefixes
Decade
?
Decimal
 Pent-
• Oct-
• Dec-
Decathalon • Hex-, Hept-, Non-
Basic names of hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon names are based on:
1) class; -ane, -ene, or –yne or other
Functional group
2) # of C,
1 meth- 2 eth- 3 prop- 4 but- 5 pent6 hex- 7 hept- 8 oct- 9 non- 10 dec-
Name these compounds
7C, 9C alkane
heptane, nonane
2C, 4C alkyne
1C, 3C alkene
ethyne, butyne
does not exist, propene