Transcript CP Physical Science Date :10/18/07

Instructional Objective:
1.Learn about organic and inorganic compounds
2.Learn the different types of hydrocarbons.
Organic chemistry
 is the study of the properties of the compounds of carbon
 Organic substances are obtained from living things.
 Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with
the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent
bonds.
Inorganic Chemistry
 is the study of the properties of the compounds with out
carbon
 Inorganic substances are obtained from nonliving things.
Macromolecules are formed by a process
known as polymerization
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The smaller units, or monomers, join together
to form polymers.
A monomer
•
would be the individual link
A polymer
 is a macromolecule in which all of the
molecules that repeats itself again and again.
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Monomers in a
polymer may be
identical, or the
monomers may be
different.
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Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that
consist of only C and H atoms.
include the alkenes, and aromatic
hydrocarbons
are insoluble in water
burn in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are
produced.
obtained from fossil fuels--coal, petroleum,
and natural gas
meth- 1 C
eth- 2 C
prop- 3 C
but- 4 C
pent- 5 C
hex- 6 C
hept- 7 C
oct- 8 C
non- 9 C
dec- 10 C
name
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane
MolecularFormula
CH4
C 2 H6
C 3H 8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
StructuralFormula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH3
CH3(CH2)3CH3
CH3(CH2)4CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH3
CH3(CH2)6CH3
CH3(CH2)7CH3
CH3(CH2)8CH3
are Organic Compounds
Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.
Proteins are made up of smaller units called AMINO
ACIDS. (The Monomer Building Blocks of Protein. )
Are the construction materials for the body parts such as
muscles, skin, and blood.
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Our cells need proteins to make other proteins, such as
enzymes.
Our bodies contain thousands of different proteins.
All these proteins are made from about 20 Different
Amino Acids.
The Different shapes allow Proteins to perform many
different roles in the Chemistry of Living Things.
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Two Amino Acids bond to form a DIPEPTIDE.
Two Amino Acids form a Covalent Bond, called
a PEPTIDE BOND.
Amino Acids can Bond to Each Other one at a
time, forming a long chain called a
POLLYPEPTIDE.
Proteins are compose of one or more
polypeptides. Some proteins are very large
molecules, containing hundreds of Amino
Acids.
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Enzymes work by a Physical Fit (Lock and Key) between
the Enzyme Molecule and its SUBSTRATE, the Reactant
being Catalyzed.
The Fit of Enzymes on a Substrate Weakens some
chemical bonds, which reduces the Activation Energy
for the Chemical Reaction to occur.
After the Reaction, the Enzyme is Released and is
Unchanged, so it can be used many times.
Catalysts
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can Speed up some reactions by more than a billion
fold.
Ex: RNA or Protein molecules help control Chemical
Reactions by acting as BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS.
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Lipids are Large, nonpolar Organic
Molecules that DO NOT Dissolve in Water.
Lipids store Energy Efficiently.
They have Large Numbers of Carbon to
Hydrogen Bonds, which store More Energy
than Carbon to Oxygen Bonds common in
other Organic Compounds.
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The Two Ends (HEAD AND TAIL) of a Fatty Acid
molecule have different properties:
A. The Carboxyl End (HEAD) of the Fatty Acid
Molecule is POLAR, and Attracted to Water
Molecules. ( HYDROPHILIC, WHICH MEANS "WATER
LOVING".)
B. The Hydrocarbon End (TAIL) of the Fatty Acid
Molecule is Nonpolar, and tends Not To Interact
with Water. (HYDROPHOBIC, OR "WATER FEARING".
)
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Fatty Acids are Classified as either SATURATED
OR UNSATURATED.
The classification depends on the proportion of
Hydrogen Atoms to Carbon - Carbon Bonds in
the molecule.
(The FEWER the Hydrogen Atoms the MORE
Double Bonds there will be connecting the
Carbons.
)
UNSATURATED FAT. * FATS WITH DOUBLE BONDS
 MOST UNSATURATED FATS ARE A LIQUID AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE
 ARE USUALLY REFERRED TO AS OILS.
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FATS WITH MANY DOUBLE BONDS IS A
POLYUNSATURATED FAT.
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the ability to do work or cause change.
Energy can occur in various forms.
one form of energy can be converted to
another form.
Some forms of energy important to living
things include CHEMICAL ENERGY, THERMAL
ENERGY, ELECTRICAL ENERGY, AND
MECHANICAL ENERGY.
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the Energy in a system that is available for
work. For example, in a Cell, it is the Energy
that is available to Fuel Cell Processes.
As Energy Flows through an organism, it may
be converted from one form to anotherEx:the Food you eat is changed by your body
from the Chemical Energy found in Food into
Thermal and Mechanical Energy, to be used
by your body.
EXERGONIC REACTIONS.
Chemical Reaction that involve a Net Release
of Free Energy .
Ex: Cellular respiration
ENDERGONIC REACTIONS
Reactions that involve a Net Absorption of Free
energy
Ex: Photosynthesis
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Chemical Reactions that help Transfer
Energy in living things involve the TRANSFER
OF ELECTRONS.
These Reactions in which E- are Transferred
Between Atoms are known as OXIDATIONREDUCTION REACTIONS, OR REDOX
REACTIONS. The Formation of Table Salt
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REDUCTION REACTION:
a Reactant GAINS One or more E-, Becoming
more NEGATIVE IN CHARGE.
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Contain Genetic or Heredity Information)
Nucleic Acids use a System of FOUR
Compounds to store Heredity Information.
NUCLEOTIDES. Contain a PHOSPHATE GROUP, A
FIVE-CARBON SUGAR, AND A RING SHAPED
NITROGEN BASE.