Transcript Applied and Industrial Microbiology

Applied and Industrial
Microbiology
Microbiology 2314
Early Methods
Smoking
- Dries the Food
- Enhances the Flavor
- Beef, Ham, Bacon, Fish
- Adds Formadehyde
Ham's substantial, ham is fat
Ham is firm and sound.
Ham's what God was getting at
When He made pigs so round
----- Roy Blount Jr.
Early Methods
Drying/Dessication/Dehydration
- Sun / Wind / Ovens
- Meat and Fruit
Early Methods
• Salting
- Day-Salting and Pickling
- Rock Salt / Sea Salt / Spiced Salt
- Cheese / Olives / Hams / Eggs
Old recipe for Salt Curing Ham, this
method can preserve a Ham for years.
For a 20 lb. ham:
o 3 Tablespoons Brown Sugar
o 2 Tablespoons Black Pepper
o 1 Teaspoon Red Pepper
o 2 Cups Salt
Mix the ingredients together and rub onto the skin-on ham,
paying special attention to the hock. Then the ham is wrapped
in paper, then wrapped in cloth, then placed in a cloth bag and
hung with the hock down. The ham is hung in a well ventilated,
dark and secure building. The ham "drips" for about two
months and is ready to eat in about 6 to 9 months and is edible
for 3 to 4 years. Hams continued to stay edible right up until
they are completely dried out.
Where Else Has Salting Been
Used?
• Mummification is the preservation of a body,
either animal or human. The Egyptian
mummies were deliberately made by drying
the body. By eliminating moisture, you have
eliminated the source of decay. They dried the
body by using a salt mixture called natron.
Natron is a natural substance that is found in
abundance along the Nile river. Natron is
made up of four salts: sodium carbonate,
sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and
sodium sulfate. The sodium carbonate works
as a drying agent, drawing the water out of
the body. At the same time the bicarbonate,
when subjected to moisture, increases the pH
that creates a hostile environment for
bacteria. The Egyptian climate lent itself well
to the mummification process, being both very
hot and dry.
Early Methods
Honey
- Preserving Fruit
- Healing
- High Sugar
Content
• HISTORY:
• Besides being used as food, it was used as
medicine -- more than half remedies prescribed by
Egyptian doctors contained honey. Ancient
Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans spread honey on
wounds to hasten their healing -- So, did German
Field Medical personnel during World War I. Even
as Late as 1970 in England, a surgeon announced
he was using honey on open wounds after surgery
-- and had fewer bacterial infections than similar
wounds treated with antibiotics. Honey proved to
be an effective disinfectant; It hastened healing;
and bacteria did not develop resistance to it, as
often happens with antibiotics.
Early Methods
Yogurt and Cheese Making to Preserve
Milk
- Easier to Transport
- Lengthen Time Possible to Use
• A Legend
Legend tells that yoghurt was born on the slopes of Mount
Elbrus in the Caucasus range of mountains, between the
Black and Caspian seas. On the hot southern slopes a
pitcher of milk belonging to a Turkish nomad was
contaminated by a mixture of organisms that thrived in the
warm milk (40 - 45c). The result was what the Turks call
"yogurut". The name "yogurut" was supposedly
introduced in the 8th century and was changed in the 11th
century to the current version "Yoghurt". Legend suggests
that Yoghurt can act as a preservative against human
ageing, however no scientific evidence actually supports
this theory. Undoubtedly a regular intake of the organisms
found in yoghurt can have a beneficial affect to the
digestive tract.
Early Methods
Cooling
- Collection of Snow and Ice
- Caves / Cellars
- Water Wells
Today We Use Some of the Same
Methods and Some New Ones
Industrial Food Canning
• Commercial Sterilization
1. Steam Under Pressure / Retort
2. Minimum Temperature to
Reduces Clostridium botulinum
3. 12 D Treatment / Reduces by 12
Logarithmic Cycles
4. 1012  1
Industrial Food Canning
• Commercial Sterilization
1. Endospores of Thermophiles can Survive
2. Storage > 45 ºC / Thermophiles
3. Gas Production / Swelling
4. No Gas / Flat Sour Spoilage
5. Mesophilic Bacteria / Improper Heating
6. Acidic Foods / 100 ºC / Survivors Can’t Stand
the Low pH
Picture of Retort
Used in Commercial Sterilization
and uses Steam Under Pressure
Keeping Cans Sealed Can Help
Keep Foods Safe
Aseptic Packaging
Pre-sterilized
materials are
assembled into
packages and
aseptically filled with
heat-sterilized liquid
foods.
Radiation and Industrial Food
Preservation
Radiation
• Gamma Radiation
1. Used to Sterilize Food
2. Kill Insects & Parasitic Worms
3. Prevent Sprouting of Fruits and
Vegetables
Radiation Treatment of Foods
Wheat Flour
White Potatoes
Pork
Fruit
Vegetables
Spices
Vegetable Seasonings
Poultry
Frozen Meat
Case Study Decatur, Georgia
• In June 1988, a capsule of radioactive cesium-137-- a
waste product from nuclear weapons production-- sprung a
leak at a Radiation Sterilizers plant near Atlanta. Though
the leak was contained to the site, two of the three exposed
workers spread radioactivity to their cars and homes. And
an estimated 70,000 milk cartons, contact lens solution
boxes and other containers were shipped out after they
were splashed with radioactive water. Only about 900 of
the contaminated containers were recalled. The ensuing
taxpayer-funded cleanup cost more than $30 million, after
which a government report concluded that "the public
health and safety could have been compromised."
Case Study Dover, NJ
In June 1986, two senior executives of Palo Alto, CA-based
International Neutronics were indicted on federal charges of
conspiracy, mail fraud and wire fraud in connection with an October
1982 spill of 600 gallons of water contaminated by radioactive cobalt60. After a pump malfunctioned, workers were instructed to pour the
radioactive water down a shower drain that emptied into the public
sewer system. Workers were also ordered to wear their radiationdetection "badges" in such a way to falsify radiation levels. In the
words of a federal prosecutor, company executives "bamboozled"
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) inspectors by delaying an
inspection of the facility, where food, gems, chemicals and medical
supplies were irradiated. A $2 million cleanup included the cost to
dispose of radioactive material at a nuclear waste dump in South
Carolina. Company vice president Eugene O'Sullivan, a former
member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, was convicted of
conspiracy and fraud in October 1986.
Cheese forms
when milk
protein casein
curdles because
of action by
lactic acid
bacteria or the
enzyme rennin
Cheese is the curd
separated from the
liquid portion of milk,
called whey.
Other Dairy Products
1. Butter
2. Buttermilk
3. Sour Cream
4. Yogurt
Microbial Fermentations
Sugars in bread dough are fermented by yeast to ethanol
and carbon dioxide; the carbon dioxide causes the bread
to rise.
Sauerkraut, pickles, olives, and soy sauce are products of
microbial fermentations
Alcoholic Fermentations
Carbohydrates are Fermented by
Yeasts to Produce Ethanol
Industrial Microbiology
• Biotechnology
- The production of commercial
products through the use of living
organisms.
Industrial
Fermentations
Utilize bioreactors
which control
aeration, pH, and
temperature.
Industrial Products
•
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Amino Acids in Food and Medicine
Enzymes Used in Foods and Medicines
Vitamins Used as Food Supplements
Vaccines / Antibiotics / Steroids
Ore Recovery / Uranium and Copper
Yeasts / Wine and Bread
Agricultural Microbes
OTHER COMMON
FERMENTED FOODS
FOOD
Coffee
Cassave (Gari)
Cassave: (Peujeum)
Corn (Kenkey)
Corn (Ogi)
Soybeans (Miso)
Soy Sauce
Peanuts (Ontjom)
Rotted Shark Meat
MICROBE(S)
A bacteria and a yeast
A bacteria and a mold
Several molds
A couple of molds, a yeast and some
bacteria
A couple of bacteria and a
yeast
A mold and a yeast
Molds, yeast and bacteria mixture
A mold
Buried in Ground Until Ready
(Icelandic treat)
Alternative Energy Sources
• Biomass
Organic waste that can be converted by
microorganisms into alternative fuels
• Bioconversion
The process of converting
microorganisms into alternative fuels
Methane Production
“Bartertown is powered
by an energy source that
is, in its own way, a
compelling argument
against nuclear war: In
chambers beneath
Bartertown, countless
pigs live and eat and
defecate, and from their
waste products, Turner's
soldiers generate
methane gas.”
Ethanol
Quick Facts
• The level of interest in using alcohol as a motor fuel has
followed cycles of fuel shortages and/or low feed-grain
prices.
• Alcohols burn more completely, thus increasing
combustion efficiency.
• Advantages of mixing alcohol with gasoline are that
alcohol tends to increase the octane rating and reduce
carbon monoxide emissions.
• Alcohols may corrode certain materials used in engines.
• Lift Station
The lift stations bring the initial sewage from
Edmond wastewater lines into the plant.
• Bar Screen
The bar screens remove large debris such as rags,
sticks, plastics, roots, etc.
• Grit Chamber
The function of a grit chamber is to capture
inorganic solids such as dirt and sand that cause
wear to pumps and reduce space in process tanks.
• Distribution Chamber
Screw Pump
This return sludge structure provides sludge
pumping, flow rate control to primary oxidation
ditch process, and mixing point for raw sewage
and return sludge, i.e. Return Activated Sludge.
• Oxidation Ditches
Provide mixing, oxygen transfer and retention time for
microorganisms to convert organics to more stable compounds
creating an activated sludge mixed liquor.
• Clarifiers
Provide detention time for activated sludge to settle and be drawn
off gradually and returned to be mixed with incoming raw sewage,
known as Return Activated Sludge. The process also removes
floatable materials by skimming. The effluent water from the
clarifiers then goes to the sand filters for further treatment.
• Sand Filters
These filters further aid in the removal of suspended particles,
floating matter and BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand). BOD is
a measurement of remaining organics that could cause pollution.
• Chlorination/De-chlorination Basin
The basin provides the point of chlorination, mixing, and contact
time to destroy pathogenic organisms. The sulfur dioxide
neutralizes the residue chlorine resulting in an environmentally safe
effluent.
• Sonic Flow Meter
The meter measures the volume released into the
watershed and is used to generate accurate
numbers that are included in all reports to
regulatory agencies..
• Discharge into Coffee Creek
After treatment, the wastewater has fewer
contaminants than the lake water before it is
treated at the water treatment plant. At least 90%
(and up to 98%) of the contaminants are removed
before the treated wastewater is discharged into
the creek. The Edmond Wastewater Treatment
Plant has twice received the Plant of the Year
Award for Large Wastewater Treatment Plants
from the Oklahoma Water and Pollution Control
Association.