Transcript Electric charge

Electricity,
Circuits,
Voltage and
Batteries
17.1
Objectives
• Define electric current.
• Define voltage source.
• Identify the electric symbols
for basic circuit elements.
• Distinguish between parallel
and series arrangements of
batteries.
• Use a multimeter to test
continuity.
• Identify and construct open,
closed, and short circuits.
• Construct electric circuits with
batteries connected in series
and in parallel.
• Calculate the combined
voltage of batteries connected
in series and in parallel.
Physics terms
•
electric current
•
voltage
•
ampere (A)
•
volt (V)
•
electric circuit
•
battery
•
open circuit
•
voltmeter
•
closed circuit
•
short circuit
What is electricity?
Electricity is the flow of electric
charges, typically through wires,
conductors, and electrical devices.
Sometimes we can see the effects
of electricity in nature.
What is electric current?
Electric current is the flow of
charged particles, usually
through wires and circuits.
Current is measured in
amperes (A), also called
amps.
Animated illustration, page 472
How do we measure
electric current?
Electric current is measured using an ammeter
or, more commonly, a digital multimeter.
What is an electric circuit?
An electric circuit is a conducting path
through which electric current can flow.
The symbol for electric current is I.
In this circuit, I = 0.3 amps.
Charge is conserved
Electric current I must be the same
at all points in a simple, single-loop
circuit.
I
Charge can never be created or
destroyed. All the charge that flows
through one point in the circuit must
flow through the next point also.
I
Open and closed circuits
An open circuit does not have a
complete path so no current flows.
A closed circuit has a complete
path, allowing current to flow.
Common circuit elements
Knife blade switches
A knife blade switch uses a
mechanical lever to open/close
a circuit connection.
What is a short circuit?
Assessment
1. Which statement below is a correct definition of electric
current? Electric current is . . .
A.
the energy of moving electrical charges.
B.
the flow of electric charges through a wire or circuit.
C.
the number of electrons in a circuit element.
D.
the attraction between charged particles in a wire.
Assessment
2. Label each of these electrical symbols with the name of the
electrical component it represents: battery; resistor; lamp; switch;
or wire.
Assessment
4. Identify the following circuits:
A reliable source of current
Prior to 1800, no one knew how to create a steady
supply of electric current.
Alessandro Volta was the first to succeed.
•
He discovered that placing two different metals
in an acid or salt solution produced an electric
current between the terminals.
•
He connected multiple voltaic piles together to
create a battery of them.
Adolphe Ganot, Elementary
Treatise on Physics, 1893
What is a battery?
A battery is a device that converts
stored chemical energy into
electrical energy.
Batteries come in many different
kinds – even lemons!
Reading a battery
Batteries come in many sizes and
voltages: 1.5, 6, 9, 12 V, for example.
Voltage is the electric potential difference
between the two terminals of a battery.
Voltage is measured in volts (V), named
after Volta, the inventor of the battery.
How is voltage measured?
Voltage is measured using a voltmeter
or a digital multimeter.
Volts and amps
Current and voltage are the two most important
physical quantities for understanding electric circuits.
•
Current measures the flow of charge
through a wire.
•
Voltage measures the change in electrical
potential energy per unit of charge.
A useful analogy
Charges in a wire are analogous to water in a pipe:
• Electric current is analogous to the flow of the water.
• The battery is analogous to the water pump.
• Voltage is analogous to the change in gravitational Ep.
What is a series
connection?
In a series connection, the
batteries are connected one
after the other.
The positive terminal of one
battery is connected to the
negative terminal of the next
battery.
What is a parallel
connection?
In a parallel connection, the
same ends of both batteries
are connected together.
Batteries in Series or
Parallel
To calculate the voltage across batteries
connected in series or in parallel:
• When batteries are connected in series, the
voltages add together.
• When identical batteries are connected in
parallel, the total voltage remains the same.
Why does it work this way?
When these batteries are connected in
series, the voltages add together.
Electric charge (1 coulomb) passing through
a 1.5 volt battery gains 1.5 joules of Ep.
Passing through a second 1.5 volt battery
gains another 1.5 joules of Ep.
It’s like climbing a stairway to the
second floor, then another stairway
to the third floor.
Why does it work that way?
When these batteries are connected in
parallel, the total voltage remains the same.
Electric charge passes through one
battery OR the other.
It ONLY gains 1.5 joules of Ep because
each charge ONLY passes through
one battery.
It’s like climbing either of two stairways
from the first to second floor.
Assessment
1. Which statement below provides a correct practical definition of
a voltage source? A voltage source . . .
A.
creates an electric potential difference between two points
in a circuit, such as the two ends of a battery.
B.
provides the electrical potential energy needed for a circuit
to operate.
C.
is analogous to the pump in a system of circulating water.
D.
all of the above.
Assessment
2. Identify which circuit has batteries connected in series
and which has batteries in parallel.
Assessment
3. Calculate the voltage across the batteries for each circuit.
Assessment
4. What does the “1.5 V” label on the battery mean?
A. The voltage of the positive terminal is 1.5 V.
B. The voltage of the negative terminal is 0 V.
C. The voltage between the positive and negative
terminals is 1.5 V.
D. All of the above