Transcript The Smart Grid Enabling Energy Efficiency and Demand Response

The Smart Grid
Enabling Energy Efficiency and
Demand Response
Clark W. Gellings
Chapter 6: The IntelliGridSM architecture for the
Smart Grid
Brevard Community College
ETP1400 Distributed Electrical Power
Generation and Storage
Bruce Hesher
433-5779
The challenge before the energy industry remain
formidable. The 2003 blackout in the northeast reminds us
that electricity is indeed essential to our well-being. It
highlighted the most fundamental of electric functions: getting
power from where it is made to where it is used.
After many years with little advancement, a number of
factors are now driving modernization of the distribution grid:
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the digital age and its power quality requirements.
saturation of the current grids capacity.
emerging competitive power markets.
distributed generation.
Today’s electricity infrastructure is inadequate to meet
rising consumer needs and expectations.
Introduction p113
America’s power distribution grid is being stressed in new
ways that it was not designed for. EPRI has identified a
number of improvements to the system that should reduce
the threat and severity of power outages.
Reactive power reserves in the region: Additional power
required to maintain voltage when loads such as motors
and air conditioners come online.
Power flow patterns over the entire region: Regional
coordination, communications, and control are needed.
New power flows resulting from changing geographic
patterns of consumer demand and the installation of new
power plants.
Launching the IntelliGridSM
In 2001, EPRI and the Electricity Innovation Institute
(E2I) initiated a program called the Consortium for Electric
Infrastructure to Support a Digital Society (CEIDS). CEIDS
played a major role in the development of the Smart Grid
concept. CEIDS later morphed into the IntelliGridSM and
E2I was absorbed by EPRI.
Vision: to develop the science and technology that will
ensure an adequate supply of high-quality, reliable
electricity to meet the energy needs of the digital society.
Mission: CEIDS provides the science and technology that
will power a digital economy and integrate energy users
and markets through a unique collaboration of public,
private and governmental stakeholders.
The IntelliGridSM Today p116
The IntelliGridSM is addressing five functionalities in the
power system of today:
Visualizing the Power System in Real Time.
Increasing System Capacity.
Relieving Bottlenecks.
Enabling a self-healing Grid.
Enabling (Enhanced) Connectivity to consumers.
Visualizing the Power System in real Time
This attribute would deploy advanced sensors more
broadly throughout the system on all critical components.
The sensor will be integrated with real time communications
and computational ability so controls (manual or automated)
can respond to changing circumstances.
Increasing System Capacity
Effort to increase capacity particularly in high voltage
systems. Entails building more transmission circuits,
bringing substations up to NERC N-1 criteria, making
improvements on data infrastructure, upgrading control
centers, and updating protection schemes and relays.
Relieving Bottlenecks
Eliminate bottlenecks preventing truly functional
wholesale market and to assure system stability. Increases
power flow, enhanced voltage support, and allowing the
operation of the electric system on a dynamic basis.
Enabling a Self-Healing Grid (SHG)
Once the above goals are put in place, it is possible to
consider controlling the system in real time. Will require
widespread deployment of power electronic devices such
as power electronic circuit breakers, and flexible AC
transmission technologies. By integrating power
electronics (SCR’s, TRIACS, and other thyristors) with a
control architecture (sensing devices and intelligence)
the grid can become self-healing.
Thyristors
Thyristors are power semiconductor devices that control a
large current via a digital logic gate pin. The TRIAC dimmer
was shown earlier. The Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
functions as a high power diode (one-way current valve) with
an on switch. Once turned on the SCR will conduct until the
current drops too low. The TRIAC’s gate pin is a voltage
controlled on and off switch. The TRIAC will conduct in either
direction as long as there is voltage on the gate.
Enabling (Enhanced) Connectivity to Consumers
Once a communications system is present, connectivity
to the consumer can be enhanced with communications.
Three new areas of functionality will be possible:
• Electricity services (e.g. added billing information of
real-time pricing)
• Service related to electricity: home security and
appliance monitoring.
• communications services (data).
The IntelliGridSM architecture contains a concept called
EnergyPortSM. It is a consumer gateway allowing price
signals, decisions, communications, and network
intelligence to flow back and forth. It can facilitate:
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Pricing and billing processes that would support real time pricing.
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Value-added services such as billing inquiries, service calls, outage
and emergency services, power quality monitoring, and outage
diagnostics.
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Improved building and appliance standards.
 Consumer energy managements through sophisticated on-site
energy managements systems.
 Easy “plug and play” connection of distributed energy resources.
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Improved real-time system operations including dispatch, demand
response, and loss identification.
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Improved short-term load forecasting.
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Improved long-term planning.
A Smart Grid Vision Based on the
IntelliGridSM Architecture
The IntelliGridSM will enable achievement of the following
goals:
• Physical and information assets that are protected from
man-made and natural threats and a power delivery
system that can be quickly restored.
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Extremely high delivery of high-quality “digital grade”
power.
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Availability of a wide range of always-on, price-smart,
consumer and business services.
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Minimized environmental and societal impact by
improving use of the existing infrastructure; and the use of
energy efficient equipment and services.
Barriers to Achieving the Vision p119
To achieve this vision of power delivery system the
following barriers and vulnerabilities need to be overcome:
The existing grid is vulnerable to human error, natural disasters, and
intentional physical or cyber attack.
Investment in expansion maintenance of the infrastructure is lagging,
while electricity demand is growing.
The existing power delivery system is not being expanded to facilitate
wholesale competition in the power industry and does not facilitate connectivity
between consumers and markets.
The current grid infrastructure cannot support levels of power, security,
quality, reliability, and availability needed for economic prosperity.
The infrastructure does not adequately accommodate emerging technology
including distribute energy resources and energy storage nor does it facilitate
business opportunities for retail electricity/information services.
The present power delivery systems was not designed to meet the
needs of a digital society.
Communication Architecture:
The Foundation of the IntelliGridSM p119
A standard communications architecture must be
developed and overlaid on today's power grid. This
“Integrated Energy and Communications System
Architecture” (IECSA) will be an open standards
architecture for a data communications and distributed
computing infrastructure.
The IntelliGridsm Architecture is free and open to anyone
at EPRI’s web site at http://intelligrid.epri.com/
The list of business models on p121 will
require considerable computer science
and software application authoring.
Software development and modeling tools
such as HLA and UML will be needed.
Fast Simulation and Modeling (FSM)
The grid will need to be able to automatically look ahead
and anticipate problems, schedule events, and optimize its
performance. Three capabilities will be needed by a selfhealing grid (SHG):
• Look ahead simulation to anticipate and avoid
disturbances.
• What if analysis for large-region power operations and
planning.
• Integrate market, policy and risk analyses into system
models and quantify their effects on security and
reliability.
Open Communications Architecture for
Distributed Energy Resources in Advanced
Automation
A subset of the work on an IECSA is the development of
an open communications architecture for distributed energy
resources (DER) in advanced distribution automation
(ADA) or DER/ADA architecture. The DER/ADA project will
develop object models for integration of different types of
DER into the open communications architecture.
Software engineering
with an emphasis on
object oriented modeling
(OOM) using Unified
Modeling Language (UML)
will be needed.
Enabling Technologies p125
In addition to the IECSA foundation, EPRI has developed
the following list of critical enabling technologies that are
needed to move toward realizing IntelliGridSM.
Automation: the heart of the IntelliGridSM
Distributed energy resources and storage development
and integration
Power electronics based controllers
Power market tools
Technology innovation in electricity use
The Consumer Portal
Automation: the Heart of the IntelliGridSM
Distribute Energy Resources and Storage
Development & Integration
Power Electronics-Based Controllers
Power Market Tools
Technology Innovation in Electricity Use
The Consumer Portal
Conclusion
The participation of energy companies, universities,
government and regulatory agencies, technology
companies, associations, public advocacy organizations,
and other interested parties throughout the world need to
contribute to refining the vision and evolving the needed
technology. Only through collaboration can the resources
and commitment be marshaled to enable the IntelliGridSM.