Transcript 4-Business ethics

Social & Legal Issues
Business Ethics and Values
Social & Legal Issues
Ethics
• Greek word: Ethos that means both an
individual’s character and a community
culture.
• Business ethics involves adhering to legal,
regulatory, professional and company
standards, keeping promises and commitments
and abiding by general principles like fairness,
honesty and respect
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Business Ethics
The application of general ethical concepts to
the unique situations confronted in business. It
asks what is right or wrong behavior in
business and what principles or rules can be
used as guidance in business situations.
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Two Characteristics
• Tells people what they ought to do
• Set of principles or rules
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Case
• Jonica Gunson is the environmental compliance manager for a
small plastics manufacturing company. She is currently faced
with the decision whether or not to spend money on new
technology that will reduce the level of a particular toxin in the
wastewater that flows out the back of the factory and into a
lake.
• The factory's emission levels are already within legal limits.
However, Jonica knows that environmental regulations for this
particular toxin are lagging behind scientific evidence. In fact,
a scientist from the university had been quoted in the
newspaper recently, saying that if emission levels stayed at
this level, the fish in the lakes and rivers in the area might soon
have to be declared unsafe for human consumption.
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Case
• Further, if companies in the region don't engage in some selfregulation on this issue, there is reason to fear that the
government — backed by public opinion — may force
companies to begin using the new technology, and may also
begin requiring monthly emission level reports (which would
be both expensive and time consuming).
• But the company's environmental compliance budget is tight.
Asking for this new technology to be installed would put
Jonica's department over-budget, and could jeopardize the
company's ability to show a profit this year.
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Questions for Discussion:
• What motives would the company have to
install the new technology?
• What motives would the company have to
delay installing the new technology?
• Why might the companies in this region prefer
for the government to impose new regulations?
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Five structures
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The specification of Moral judgment
Moral judgment and the moral standards
Justification of Moral judgment
Logical reasoning and moral judgment
Moral judgment and moral responsibility
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Relativism
Egoism
The 4
Concepts of
Ethics
Utilitarianism
Deontologism
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Concepts of Ethics
• Developed by moral philosophers over
generations
• Used to distinguish ethical from unethical
behavior
• Each has problems
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Relativism
• There is no universal standard by which
morality can be judged
• What is correct for one society may be wrong
for another
• Ethics and morality are relative
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Egoism
• One ought to act in his or her own self interest
• Ethical behavior is that which promotes one’s
own self interest
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Utilitarianism
• The morality of an action can be determined
by its consequences
• An action is ethical if it promotes the greatest
good for the greatest number
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Deontologism
• Derived from the Greek word for Duty
• Actions are not justified by their
consequences. Factors other than good
outcomes determine the rightness of actions
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Utilitarianism Vs. Deontologism
• Utilitarianism - The ends justify the means
• Deontologism - It is the means which are
important
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Ethical Dilemmas in Business
• Conflict of Interest
Have two interests - cannot purse one
without having negative impact on other
• Two Types
Private Interest Conflicts with Corporate
Business Interest Conflicts with Public
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Whistleblowing
• Act of disclosing wrongdoing in an
organization
• Types
Internal
External
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Whistleblower
• A person who publicly alleges concealed misconduct
on the part of an organization or body of people,
usually from within that same organization. This
misconduct may be classified in many ways; for
example, a violation of a law, rule, regulation and/or
a direct threat to public interest, such as fraud,
health/safety violations, and corruption
Whistleblowers may make their allegations internally
(for example, to other people within the accused
organization) or externally (to law enforcement
agencies, to the media or to groups concerned with
the issues).
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Consequences in an Organization
• Dissent - Must speak out against others in
organization
• Breach of Loyalty - Perceived as one who
violates confidentiality and loyalty
• Accusation - Singles out specific individuals
as threats to organization or the public
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Possible Retaliation
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Fired
Blacklisted
Transferred to undesirable locations
Physical abuse and murder possible
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Ethics of Whistleblowing
• When is it ethical to reveal wrongdoing ?
• When is it ethical to remain silent?
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Case
• Chantale works as a clerk for Avco Environmental Services, a small
toxic-waste disposal company.
• The company has a contract to dispose of medical waste from a local
hospital. During the course of her work, Chantale comes across
documents that suggest that Avco has actually been disposing of some
of this medical waste in a local municipal landfill. Chantale is shocked.
She knows this practice is illegal. And even though only a small
portion of the medical waste that Avco handles is being disposed of
this way, any amount at all seems a worrisome threat to public health.
• Chantale gathers together the appropriate documents and takes them to
her immediate superior, Dave Lamb. Dave says, "Look, I don't think
that sort of thing is your concern, or mine. We're in charge of recordkeeping, not making decisions about where this stuff gets dumped. I
suggest you drop it."
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Case
• The next day, Chantale decides to go one step further, and talk to Angela
van Wilgenburg, the company's Operations Manager. Angela is clearly
irritated. Angela says, "This isn't your concern. Look, these are the sorts of
cost-cutting moves that let a little company like ours compete with our
giant competitors. Besides, everyone knows that the regulations in this area
are overly cautious. There's no real danger to anyone from the tiny amount
of medical waste that 'slips' into the municipal dump. I consider this matter
closed."
• Chantale considers her situation. The message from her superiors was loud
and clear. She strongly suspects that making further noises about this issue
could jeopardize her job. Further, she generally has faith in the company's
management. They've always seemed like honest, trustworthy people. But
she was troubled by this apparent disregard for public safety. On the other
hand, she asks herself whether maybe Angela was right in arguing that the
danger was minimal. Chantale looks up the phone number of an old friend
who worked for the local newspaper.
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Questions for Discussion
• What should Chantale do?
• What are the reasonable limits on loyalty to
one's employer?
• Would it make a difference if Chantale had a
position of greater authority?
• Would it make a difference if Chantale had
scientific expertise?
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Whistleblowing Example
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In charge of Quality Control
Company makes parts for automobile brakes
Find defect in brake part
Could cause failure in brakes
Failure not certain
May take many years to develop
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Whistleblowing Example (cont.)
• Go to VP of Production, your boss
• He tells you to overlook defect - company may
loose too much money
• What would you do?
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Cautious Approach to
Whistleblowing
1. Make sure situation involves an imminent
threat to society or to the business
2. Document all allegations
3. Examine internal whistleblowing first
4. Should you remain anonymous?
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Bribery
• A payment, usually to a public official, to
induce that person to either do something
improper or to influence decisions or actions
• Extortion - same as bribery - recipient of
payment initiates transaction
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Case
• International consulting firm - designs and
supervises construction of hydroelectric power
generating systems
• Your proposal is far superior to any other
technically
lowest bid
• To get job, must deposit $250,000 in official’s
personal Swiss bank account
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Should you pay the money?
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Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1997
Grease payment allowed
Standard Practice in most foreign countries
Results in lost business opportunities for US
companies
• American tax dollars may be used to pay bribe
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Managerial Implications
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Top Management Leadership
Organizational Culture
Realistic Goal Setting
Ethics Audit
Code of Ethics
Ethics Committee
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Company value
• Customer Focus: Customers are the focus of
our business. Align all business objectives
with the expectations of customers. Build long
term customer relationships through superior
performance. Responsive, straight-forward
and committed in all dealings with customers.
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Company Values
• Continuous Improvement: Committed to
improving everything.
The relentless pursuit of excellence drives our
daily activities. Operate in an environment
that encourages innovation and creativity and
is naturally skeptical of maintaining the status
quo.
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Company values
• Quality: A goal of a company is to be the
recognized leader in our marketplace;
recognized for innovation, quality,
responsiveness and value.
• Continuously strive to be the standard by
which performance is measured.
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Company Values
• Innovation: Apply original thought, creativity,
and sound business judgment to overcome
obstacles, meet aggressive goals and improve
products and processes.
Committed to technical and market leadership
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Company Values
• Integrity: Conduct business with the highest
standards of ethics, developing a
mutual trust with each other, customers,
shareholders, suppliers and the community.
• Integrity is the foundation of everything.
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Company Values
• Respect for the Individual: Treat people with
dignity, fairness and courtesy.
• Create an inclusive environment that is
focused on a common purpose.
Continual invest in our people. Diversity in
people and perspective is valued
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Company Values
• Teamwork: Success is achieved through
collaborative efforts committed to achieving