Transcript Slide 1

Automated Data Collection
Technology
Automated Quantities Reporting
Spring 2008
Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction
Engineering & Management
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List of Tools
Integrated Scope-Cost-Schedule Model (BIM)
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
Ultra Wide-band (UWB)
Equipment On-board Sensors (OBS)
Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Electronic Timecard and Invoices, field laptops
Object Character Recognition (OCR)
Object Recognition
3D – Imaging (LADAR)
Electronic imaging
[Data Mining], [network database]
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BETA Commercial Software
Location Based Scheduling, Finland
Vico Control 2008
Take-off suite,
Finland
Tocoman
Innovaya
Building explorer
Estimating & production database, Finland
Sage-Timberline
HCSS
MC2
Historical library
RS Means
Middleware
Software Integration / BIM
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
Ultra Wide-band (UWB)
Equipment On-board Sensors
Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Object Recognition
3D – Imaging
Electronic imaging
Scheduling (Vico)
3D Software (Revitt)
Cost Accounting (Oracle Edward Jones)
Forecasting (Federal Reserve)
Document Control (Prolog)
4D CAD (Navisworks)
Quantity Collection (Field Engr. Excel)
Takeoff (AGTEK)
Software Integration (Vico, Oracle, Bentley)
Automated Quantities Reporting
Spring 2008
Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction
Engineering & Management
3
Integrated BIM scope-cost-time
Building
Information
Model
ADT
4
Object-component
5
takeoff
map objectTocoman iLink
components
recipe 3
formulas
estimator looks at
process model and
selects componentoperations
1
Middleware
Tocoman Exchange
component-operations,
recipe formulas &
production rates 2
Componentoperation library
RS Means
component-operations,
unit cost & production
rates
Takeoff Quantities
Tocoman Quantity
Manager
6
publish
quantities
Hosted Server
Tocoman Construction
Model Server / Citrix
quantities
7
component-operations,
quantities &
production rates
Middleware
Tocoman Express
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Cost Model
Sage-Timberline
Process Model
Vico Control
2
component-operations
combined into
activities
Estimated work in
place
4
5
BIM Model
(ADT)
Object Group
Takeoff
(Tocoman ilink)
Map Objects
(Tocoman Qty. Mgr.)
4
3
Estimator looks at model,
develop project planning &
setup
Project Takeoff
Project
Recipes
Publish Qtys.
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Citrix Server
(Tocoman Construction Model
Server)
1
Recipe components &
production rates
Quantities
2
Library Database
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(Sage / RS Means)
Components,
quantities &
production rates
Middleware
(Tocoman Express)
2
Components,
unit cost &
production rates
Estimate
Schedule
(Sage-Timberline)
(Vico Control)
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Update from teach integrated
Automated Quantities Reporting
Spring 2008
Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction
Engineering & Management
5
Classification
through WBS
Production
library
Product model
Object library
Endogenous
components
Take-off recipe
formulas
Formula library
COST
Construction method
Process model
Activity library
Integrated or Middleware
Exogenous
objectcomponents
Integrated or Middleware
Operations
TIME
Integrated or Middleware
SCOPE
Integrated or Middleware
QUALITY
Cost model
Budget library
legend
project
Planning &
Setup
Customizable
Database /
knowledge
Humancomputer
interaction
Integrated or
Middleware
Exogenous  Explicit object-components
Endogenous  Implicit components
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SimAL Software, XLS, ADT
A Simulation Access Language and Framework
with Applications to Project Management, Jinxing
Cheng, (2004) Stanford University
“Allow users to
simulate different
scenarios” and
integrate software
tools in search of
optimum efficiency
*see markel
Component of any project management tool is to allow
multiple scenarios to be modeled
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Interfaces for Searching, Managing, and
Sharing Collected Field Data (template)
ButterflyNet: Mobile Capture and Access
for Biologists, Yeh, Ron B; Klemmer, Scott R June 2005
http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/2005-27
http://hci.stanford.edu/research/biology/
Potential
Cost/Scheduling
System Connection
User Interface
Butterfly Net Meta data (WBS) link
Sensorbased
Automated Quantities Reporting
Spring 2008
Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction
Engineering & Management
Direct
Measurements
Field
Notes/Photo
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Electronic Invoicing & Time Cards
Materials, sub work, cost code structure mirrors sub billing
• Standard Template
• Formatted for automated
import to accounting or
schedule software
• Account number
assignment
– Account number provided
with order
or
– Automated using type / time /
location
– Automatically generated
account numbers verified or
cross referenced
Automated Quantities Reporting
Autumn 2007
Forest Peterson – Stanford CEM
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Object Character Recognition
(OCR) & Electronic Invoicing
Electronic invoicing & OCR technology has
potential to automate quantity input.
Hathaway Dinwiddie Y2E2 project used
scanning technology only for paperless
archives. Could have used for data entry.
scan
data
template
match-up
lookup
account
number
transfer data to
accounts
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Auto Mapped Links
Auto mapping to supplier server, government
server, oversight, specifications, climate record,
CIS
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Database Queries, Data Mining or Data
Analysis, Auto Mapped Links
Gather data on suppliers, subs,
owner, oversight, weather,
standards, technology
improvements, forecasting.
Generate reliable quantity data
from data sets collected by
sensors
Example: hourly
rates adjusted to
compensate fuel
cost, requires
periodic update from
.gov server
Automated Quantities Reporting
Autumn 2007
Forest Peterson – Stanford CEM
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http://www.rctoys.com
3D Imaging
NIST - CMAG testing remote management
of construction sites (Cheoka et al. 2006)
Jobsite Procedures to Allow 3D-Imaging (expand for other technologies)
Effective range is approximately 80 meters, park equipment
in designated areas & store material in designated locations
CMU algorithm for scanner placement (Gordon et al. 2003)
http://www.dragonflypictures.com/
Radio / preprogrammed control surveillance unit.
Time critical information gathering http://www.dragonflypictures.com/
Surveillance and monitoring of ground based objects
http://vertol.mit.edu/prjinfo.html
http://www.trimble.com/trimblegx.shtml
Automated Quantities Reporting
Spring 2008
Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction
Engineering & Management
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http://www.leica-geosystems.com
http://www.christopherholt.com/subjects/construction_00.htm
3D Imaging
Smart Chips in Construction,
(2002) William Stone, Alan Lytle and Karen Furlani,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
I-Site
• Stockpile
• Truck load
• Cut/Fill
•
http://www.isite3d.com
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Photographic quantity collection
Fard M. G., and Peña-Mora, F. "Application of Visualization Techniques for Construction Progress Monitoring" Proceeding of the 2007 ASCE
International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering Lucio Soibelman, Burcu Akinci - Editors, July 24–27, 2007, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
USA
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Object Recognition
Add other researchers
3D image
acquired
from
LADAR
Expected
time & place
Expected
object
Time &
(X,Y,Z)
“Combining Reality
Capture Technologies
for Construction
Defect Detection: A
Case Study” (2003) Gordon,
C., Boukamp, F., Huber, D., Latimer,
E., Park, K., and Akinci, B.
4D schedule
updated
3D object
library
updated
visual
display
object
recognized
from library
activity
code
expected
activity
CPM-schedule
updated
Automated Quantities Reporting
Spring 2008
Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction
Engineering & Management
“Construction Object
Identification from
LADAR Scans: An
Experimental Study
Using I-Beams,” (2005)
Gilsinn, D.E., Cheok, G. S., Witzgall, C.,
and Lytle, A. National Institute of
Standards and Technology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_single_object_rec
ognition
NIST proposal A.Lytle
http://www2.bfrl.nist.gov/projects/projcontain.asp?
cc=8614102000
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Ultra Wideband
“Performance Analysis of Next-Generation
LADAR for Manufacturing, Construction, and
Mobility”
Ultra-wideband recommended for further research by
(Stone et al. 2004) in NIST publication
“Complex Permittivity of Planar Building
Materials Measured With an Ultra-Wideband
Free-Field Antenna Measurement System” (Davis
et al. 2007) early research on use of ultra wideband to
collect quantities without line of sight requirement.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband
Automated Quantities Reporting
Spring 2008
Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction
Engineering & Management
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Intelligent Equipment
VIRTUAL ROAD CONSTRUCTION – A CONCEPTUAL
MODEL (2007) Patrick Söderström and Thomas Olofsson eBygg – Center for
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IT in Construction, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
(information rich model) for applications: mass-optimization, estimation, planning,
visualization, generation of machine data and follow-up.
(DCI) support modifications. (Remove) Obstacles in contractual agreements
between actors.
PPC from real-time measures of locations of machine-guided (GPS) equipment.
Monitoring Construction Equipment for Automated
Project Performance Control (2002) Rafael Sacks, Ronie Navon,
Aviad Shapira and Irina Brodetsky - Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
“system for interpreting data acquired
automatically by monitoring the … equipment”
Automated Quantities Reporting
Spring 2008
Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction
Engineering & Management
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http://www.cat.com/cda/files/191058/7/AEHQ5549.pdf
Intelligent Equipment – onboard
sensors
Past and Future of Construction Equipment, (2002) Cliff J. Schexnayder and
Scott A. David, Arizona State University
“Synthesized computers that instantly communicate by satellite with distant
management teams reporting diagnostics, production, and position.”
http://www.cat.com/cda/layout?m=8703&x=7
Commercially Available GPS Fleet Tracking, GPS-based performance
reports detailing the following fleet management criteria:
Idle times, RPM’s, Odometer readings, Speed
http://www.globalwave.com
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GPS
Tracking and locating components in a precast
storage yard utilizing radio frequency
identification technology and GPS, (2006) Esin Ergen a,
Burcu Akinci b, and Rafael Sacks c, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, c Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute
of Technology
“… an automated system using radio frequency
identification technology combined with GPS technology,
requiring minimal worker input, is proposed. The
requirements and approaches needed to utilize the system
for locating precast concrete components with minimal
worker input in the storage yard of a manufacturing plant
were developed.”
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GPS - GIS
Application of integrated GPS and GIS
technology for reducing construction waste
and improving construction efficiency (2004) Heng
Li, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Zhen Chen, Massey University, Liang
Yong, Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Stephen C.W. Kong,
Loughborough University
“…the integrated GPS and GIS technology is combined to
the M&E system based on the Wide Area Network
(WAN).”
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Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID)
Tracking the Location of Materials on Construction Projects, (2005) Jong-Chul Song, University of Texas at
Austin
Thesis on the viability to use RFID devises in the field. The devises were utilized as a tracking and location
devise. In the final evaluation an accuracy level of 4 meters demonstrated.
A Framework for Real-Time Construction Project Progress Tracking, (2006) A. G.
Ghanem and Y. A. AbdelRazig Florida State University
“…automated system of reading RFID tags placed on items that send out either a
tracking number, or other information for that item, directly to the reader. Keeping
track of the material used on site, based on the estimated quantity will permit
making a better estimate of the amount of work done on a construction site.”
Presented at: 10th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Construction, and22
Operations in Challenging Environments (Earth & Space 2006)
Automated Quantities Reporting
Autumn 2007
Forest Peterson – Stanford CEM
Haul Truck Onboard Sensors
Bridge/Repeater
• RFID
– Transmitter
• Quarry load out transceiver
• GPS
– Data logger
– 802.11b Wireless LAN
• MEM
– Accelerometer / pressure
transducer
transmit static
transmit
identificationquarry
data data
transmit
record
recorded
location
data
data
Sense tilt
&transmit
load data
to server
• Central Server Receiver
– Cellular Transmitter
Source: sparkfun.com
Source: http://www.engeniustech.com/datacom/products/details.aspx?id=174
Record of truck location, bed tilt time & truck identification
Record of material type and weight from quarry transmission.
Data received by central on site receiver, retransmitted in
batch by cellular transmitter to central server.
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http://www.samsung.com
Field Tablet PC
Distribute to field staff
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Electronic timecards & foreman report
Communication
Safety
Searchable plans & specifications
Object based (BIM) information
Location based schedule
View 4D schedule
http://www.airforce-technology.com
Wi-Fi / cellular link w/ central server
Rugged solid state memory
Embedded sensors i.e. RFID reader, GPS
“Framework for Providing Customized Data Representations for Effective and Efficient Interaction
with Mobile Computing Solutions on Construction Sites”, J. Reinhardt, J. Garrett Jr., and B. Akinci
2005
Automated Quantities Reporting
Spring 2008
Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction
Engineering & Management
http://www.trimble.com
http://www.massgroup.com
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4D Schedule
A 4D schedule updated throughout the project duration
could be used as an as-built, useful to maintenance
personnel throughout the lifecycle of infrastructure.
Scenario:
Image borrowed from: Product Model 4D--Construction Pilot, Calvin
Kam, http://www.stanford.edu/group/4D/projects/calvin/PM4D.shtml
On day 115, change order
results in additional
electrical wiring and revised
plumbing. Updated 4-D
schedule records these
changes while current and
results in dynamic as-built.25
Human Sensory
Human sensory (similar in use as sensor):
•
2.1 Sight (object recognition)
•
2.2 Hearing (RFID radio signal)
•
2.3 Taste (material identification)
•
2.4 Smell
•
2.5 Touch (on-board sensory)
•
2.6 Balance and acceleration
•
2.7 Temperature
•
2.8 Kinesthetic sense (clash detection)
•
2.9 Pain
•
2.10 Direction (GPS)
•
Weight relative to resistive effort, this is heavier than that and similar to
past experience weight of.
The point is that the mechanical sensors are replications of the current sensorbased measuring tool, the human. See F. Peterson ENGR thesis draft
(http://stanford.edu/~granite/index.html) for a discussion of these humanbased sensory methods.
Included in the ENGR thesis draft is a discussion of inherent limitations of
human-based sensory, such as the risk of optical illusions in sight, and
the accuracy of sight-based observational estimates of count, area, and
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volume quantities.
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
OSIS SOFT
SAP
JD Edwards
input
PLC
sensor
sensor
Process
Control
module
output
Control
module
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Social / Legal Issue
Basic assumption in automated tracking systems is
unhindered data sharing and access to site
Reiteration of some commonly held concerns with data
sharing
• Data sharing could divulge embarrassing mistakes in design /
estimate
• Shortcuts taken by designer / estimator more apparent
• Liability for modifications made after transfer of data
Observed on Stanford Y2&E2 project: all electronic
drawings are transferred as .PDF files
Common practice: estimators will not pass on electronic
version of estimate documents
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