Transcript ERT 429_ Chapter 1_Part A

Chapter 1:
BIOMASS RESOURCES &
CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOFUELS
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PART A:
BIOMASS RESOURCES
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• Biomass is a fuel made origionally from the sun.
• It is usually made up of dead animals and plants.
• It's a renewable source because it can be found
almost anywhere with plants and trees.
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Biomass energy cycle
forest
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Renewable Energy vs Fossil Fuel Energy
• Fossil fuel reserves are limited and will be depleted.
• Burning fossil fuels causes environmental concerns
eg. GHG emmission.
• Energy from biomass releases CO2, but the CO2 is
utilized for biosynthesis during the growth of
biomass.
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Carbon cycle
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Types of Biomass Resources
Corn
Lignocellulosic waste
Sugarcane
Algae
Napier grass
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Sugar Crops
• Includes sugarcane, sugar beets,
sweet sorghum, apples, grapes
etc.
• Molasses – residual syrup
remaining from crystallization of
sugar from sugarcane and
sugarbeets, is also a common
feedstock
• Pulp and papermill sludges
contain 40-50 wt% glucose
• These sugars can be directly
fermented by yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
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Sugarcane
• Brazil is the largest producer (514 million
tons in 2007)
• India is the second largest producer,
followed by China.
• It has stalks bunched in stools of 5-50 stalks
• Can be grown in regular rotation with other
crops.
• Requires tropical or subtropical climate.
• Time to maturity is between 8-24 months.
• Strong sunlight and plentiful water is
needed to meet the considerable growth
potential.
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Sugar Beet
• A biennial root vegetable
• High content of sucrose in its
root.
• Grown in temperate climates
• Average sugar (sucrose)
content is around 17% of total
raw biomass.
• World’s largest sugar beet
producer: France, USA and
Russia
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Sweet Sorghum
• Used in the production of
sugar, syrup, fuel and roofing
applications.
• Thrive under drier and
warmer conditions.
• Largely produced in Asia,
followed by North America.
• The juice contains 56%
sucrose, 30% glucose, 14%
fructose.
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Starch and Inulin
Crops
• Corn, potatoes, cassava etc.
• Starch is a glucose polymer
with 2 main components:
amylose and amylopectin
• Inulin, like starch, is a storage
carbohydrate, but its basic unit
is fructose rather than glucose
• Inulin is commonly found in
tuber crops such as dahlia and
Jerusalem artichoke.
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Corn
• Typically planted in the spring
when warm temperatures are
condusive for growth.
• Soil moisture is another key factor
that determines the adaptability
of corn to an area.
• Predominant component of corn is
starch, 64-78% of the total mass
on a dry basis.
• Other carbohydrates include
cellulose fiber, pentosans, sucrose
and monomeric sugars such as
glucose, fructose and raffinose.
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Wheat
• China – largest producer,
followed by India
• Contains 77% starch
content (dry basis)
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Agricultural Residues
• It refers to either crop residues or processing residues.
• Corn stover – remains in a field after harvesting corn,
includes stalks (50%), leaves (22%), cobs (15%) and
husks (13%).
• Wheat straw
• Rice straw
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Herbaceous Biomass
“Herbaceous biomass is from plants that have a non-woody stem and which
die back at the end of the growing season. It includes grains or seeds crops
from food processing industry and their by-products such as cereal straw.”
• Switchgrass
• Miscanthus
• Coastal Bermuda Grass
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Oil Seeds
• Soybean
• Rapeseed
(Canola)
• Sunflower
• Oil Palm
• Waste Edible Oil
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CASE STUDY 1 –
lignocelluloses biomass
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