Transcript Tomato - Famunera.com

MANAGAMENT OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS
TOMATO PRODUCTION
QUALIFICATION: NTA LEVEL 5-Technician
certificate in general agriculture
CODE: GAT 05105
Number of credits; 12
TUTOR NAME;MICHAEL YORAM.
ORIGIN
• Although tomatoes are often closely associated with
Italian cuisine, they are actually originally native to the
western side of South America, in the region occupied
by Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and the western half
of Bolivia.
• Tomato, is today the most popular garden vegetable in
America
• Tomatoes are usually easy to grow and a few plants
provide an adequate harvest for most families.
• The quality of fruit picked in the garden when fully ripe
far surpasses anything available on the market, even in
season.
• The tomato plant is a tender, warm-season perennial
that is grown as an annual in summer gardens all over
the continental United States.
INTRODUCTION
• Today tomatoes are enjoyed worldwide—to the tune
of about 130 million tons per year. The largest tomatoproducing country is China (with approximately 34
million tons of production), followed by the United
States, Turkey, India, and Italy.
• Spring and fall freezes limit the outdoor growing
season.
• Tomatoes are America’s favorite garden vegetable.
(Yes, we technically eat the fruit of the tomato plant,
but it's used as a vegetable in eating and cooking and,
thus, usually categorized in vegetables.)
• This vine plant is fairly easy to grow and will produce a
bumper crop with proper care. Its uses are versatile,
however, tomatoes are susceptible to a range of pests
and diseases.
INTRODUCTION CONT…………..
• In Tanzania tomato are cultivated much in
Morogoro, Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Mbeya, Iringa,
Dodoma, Pwani, Tanga e.t.c
INTRODUCTION CONT…………..
INTRODUCTION CONT…………..
• There are literally hundreds of different
tomato varieties. We usually choose our
favorite varieties by some combination of
flavor, texture, and appearance
• Specific antioxidant nutrients found in
tomatoes, whole tomato extracts, and overall
dietary intake of tomatoes have all been
associated with antioxidant protection.
• Sometimes this protection comes in the form
of better antioxidant enzyme function
BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION
Tomato is one of the most vegetable crops of
Tanzania as well as of the whole world.
• Kingdom - Plantae
• Genus - Solanum
• Family - Solanaceae
• Scientific name - Lycopersicon esculentum
• Origin - South and central America
• Common name - Tomato
PLANT DESCRIPTION
Much branches.
Feather leaves
Flower clustered
Yellow/red fruits
Spherical in shape
Size of fruits is 1.5-7.5cm across
Herbaceous plant and growth annually.
Drooping leaves
ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENT
CLIMATE
(a)Altitude
-tomatoes grow best in altitude between 400 –
1900 m.a.s.l
(b) Temperature
-Tomato perform well in temperature between 18 –
300C
-High temperature course low number of branches
also high temperatures with low light with
humidity condition causes diseases.
-
Temperature cont…………..
• Also low temperatures lead to ;
(a) too much branches with small fruits which
mature late.
(b) Delay seed germination
(c) Reduce fruit sets
(d) Inhibit vegetative development
(e) Inhibit the development of normal fruit
colour
CLIMATE CONT……………………
(c) Soil
-Tomatoes require deep soil and well drained soil,
loamy rich in humus and mineral nutrients.
-It grows well on soil pH 5 – 6.8 optimal.
(d) Rainfall
-Need well distributed rainfall , too much can cause
fungal diseases
-but requires enough moisture especially at fruiting
time. Drought can lead to blossom end rot.
LAND PREPARATION
• Land is prepared 2 weeks in advance so tilling
the soil clods take place.
• Ploughing depth 20 – 25 cm or 30cm mix with
organic matters one tin per m2.
• Use also green manure (Sunhemp) –
Critalaria spectabilis
Sowing/planting
• -Establish in a nursery. Seed rate 250gm/ha.
100gm/acre and 5gm/100m2
• Nursery spacing is about 10 – 15 cm between
rows
NURSERY PREPARATION
• Seeds are sown in the nursery then
transplanted into the main field.
• Seedbeds is prepared 1-1.5m wide with any
desirable length.
• Seedbed must be prepared in fine tilth and
mix with manure.
• Water the beds prior sown
• Apply mulch after sowing
NURSERY PREPARATION cont…………..
• The distance from one drill to another is
10-15cm.
• Continue watering thus morning and evening
lates
• The seedlings are takes 3-4 weeks in the
nursery.
TRANSPLANTING
• Is the process of removing the plant s/seedlings from
the nursery to the main field for more production.
• Transplanting of tomato is done 3-4 weeks after
sowing.
• Transplant when the plant reach 10-15cm high
• During transplanting select health/strong plants from
the nursery.
TRANSPLANTING
• Transfer the seedlings with the soil
attachments.
• Transfer during cloud condition OR during
morning and evening late.
 SPACING,
60 cm x 60 cm
90 cm x 50 cm
75 cm x 50-60cm
60 cm x 40 cm
Importance and use of tomatoes
(a) Contain vitamine A, B and C and minerals
(b) Eaten raw or cooked in soups and stein
(c) Canned into drinks (juice), Jam, Pree, Pickles
and powder
(d) Left over as animal feed
(e) Fertilizers (composition materials)
TOMATO VALUES
vitaminC-32.8%,
biotin24% molybdenum20% , vitamin K15.8% , copper-12.2% , potassium12.1% , manganese-10.5% , fiber8.6% , vitamin A-8.3% , vitamin B68.2% , folate-6.7% , vitamin B3-6.6%
, vitamin E-6.4% , phosphorus6.1%
,vitamin B1-5.8% , magnesium-4.9%
, chromium-3.6% , pantothenic
acid-3.2% , protein-3.1% ,choline-
VARIETIES OF TOMATO
• Hundreds of varieties of tomatoes are now
available for the home gardener.
• They range widely in size, shape, color, plant
type, disease resistance and season of
maturity. Catalogs, garden centers and
greenhouses offer a large selection of tomato
varieties and choosing the best one or two
varieties can be extremely difficult.
• Evaluate your needs, then choose the varieties
best suited to your intended use and method
of culture.
VARIETIES OF TOMATO cont……
• The common varieties which Tanzania
are;
-Tanya, Tengeru, Anna f1, Eden f1,
Onyx, Assila f1, Tanzanite f1, Mandel,
Roma (ve), moneymaker, Manglobe
Beef master, e.t.c
Botany and varieties
• Tomato plants have different growth habit of which
it is based in their classification into 3 groups as
follows;
(a) Determinate type: These are bush tomatoes. The
plants grow for a definite period of time and produce
flowers and fruits and complete the life cycle. The best
examples of these varieties are Tanya, Roma,Cal-J, Amateur
and Rossol
(b) Indeterminate type: Plant keep growing and produce
flowers and fruits for more or less indefinite period of time.
These varieties produce long vine, which may sometimes be
about a couple of meters long. The best example are
Tengeru 97, Moneymaker and marglobe
(c) Intermediate type: These varieties have the
characteristics between the determinate and indeterminate
one. The best Example are marmande and Floradade
Spacing
• Indeterminate type – with staking
40 –
50(cm) plant to plant and 70 – 90(cm) Row to row
or 75x75cm and 75 x50 – 60 cm with plant
population 220 – 275/100m2 and 18,000 – 22,000
plants/ha
• Determinate type - Need no staking 50 –
80plant to plant (cm) 70 – 90 Row to row (cm) or
most used 60x50cm or 50x50cm with plant
population 240 – 275 /100m2 or 20,000 22,000plant/ha
Management of crop
(a)Weed control: weed can be controlled by using hand hoe
this ensure no roots are destroyed or can be done by
mulching or application of herbicides
(b) Training and pruning – 2 -3 weeks after transplanting
apply stake. Tie below the leaf but not below the truss.
Sisal twines and banana fiber are the materials used to tie
the plants to the stakes. Whenever possible, Bamboo
stakes should be used for this purposes.
-Indeterminate tomatoes varieties produce better quality
fruit and seed when staked and de-suckered.
(c)Desuckering -is the removal of the lateral shoots which
appear directly from the main stem between the leaf axis.
- Desucker every 7 – 10 days for tall cultivars use free hand
not knife to avoid spread of pathogen.
-Remove leaves around the ground to avoid disease spread
and ensure light panetration,also pest hiding .
Management of crop cont………..
(d)Defoliation: Remove all the diseased leaves,
insect pest damage, and the 2 (two) – 3
(three) below first trees those are older ones
(e)Topping: Removal of the growing tip to
facilitate lateral shoots for tall cultivars at six
trays
(f) Irrigation: Ensure that all the time there is
enough moisture but at fruiting time moisture
should not miss. Care should be taken to avoid
bacterial canker and blossom-end rot
problems, which may arise due to irregular
water supply
Management of crop cont………..
(g) Application of fertilizer and manure: Tomato is a
heavy feeder so require adequate soil levels of
nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium. In Tanzania
the NPK recommended for tomato is 120:50:50
Kg/ha. Basal and 2kg of Organic maters well
decomposed in prepared holes can be applied.
Nitrogen is applied as top dressing which is split in
3 times as follows:
• During 2 – 4 weeks after transplanting –
1.25gm/100m2
• During first truss of glosson appearance – 1.0 gm
• During the first cluster of fruits ripening -0.75 gm
N:B,
Blanket rate 5gm/plant by ring method
Management of crop cont………..
(h) Stalking; the process of supporting the plant
by using one or more pole(s) as it grow
vertically (support the plant vertically) by;
-Push the stalk 2m long firmly in the soil
-Then tie the plant loose by using a string/rope
by using eight manner method.
-This improve the plant, reduce diseases
incidence and also enhance eanly fruit set.
Stalking cont……………………
INSECT PEST AND DISEASES CONTROL
INSECT PEST.
(a) American boll warm (Helcoverpa armigera) – Bores
round/circular holes causing fruit to rot.
-To control spray with carbaryl, Karate and
Dimethoate in weekly basis, Destroy of crop remain.
(b) Whiteflies ( Bemissia tabaci): it is a vector of virus
diseases. They suck the sap from the leaves as the
result diseases arise like Yellow leaf curl virus and leaf
roll. Serious during dry hot period.
-To control the pest. Destroy volunteer plants and
crop remains after harvesting, rogue infested plants
early in the season, destroy weed in the field and
surrounding area, avoid planting new fields close to old
infected crops of tomato, spray Dimethioate, selecron
sumicidia and rogort wice a week to kill the vector
INSECT PEST CONT………………….
(c) Cut worms (Agrotis spp): Larva feeds at night, during
the day furrow into the soil. It is brown in colour.
-To control spread ash at planting time or dust
around, remove all the larva by hand after damage and
gape fill, Early cultivation which expose the larva to
predator.
(d) Army worm (Spodoptera litoralis): They resemble cut
worms morphologically but have dark brown pre wings
with white hind wings but unlike cut worms they have
brown abdomen. Damage as American boll worms,
-control spray with carbaryl, Karate and Dimethoate
in weekly basis, Destroy of crop remain.
INSECT PEST CONT………………….
(e) Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp), Attack plants from
the roots causing the whole plant to wilt during hot
weather and die, swellings (galls) on the roots,
foliage of affected plants looks pale, stunting of
plant, cause fruit to ripen before proper maturity.
-To control apply crop rotations with non host
crops, sterilization of seed beds using plastics,
fumigation with Ethylene dibromine, use resistant
varieties such as Tengeru 97.
(f) Red Spider mites (Tetranychus Spp); The damage occur on
leaves, leaves turn yellow, curling later drying after
sucking.
-To control avoid frequent sprays with synthetic
pyrethroids, water plant adequately, weed crop thoroughly,
avoid planting during period of heavy infestations, apply
mitecides such as folimat or dimethoate perepal
DISEASES
(1)
Blight – fungal diseases
(a)Late blight ( Phytophthora infestans)
(b)Early blight (Alternaria solani)
(a
) Late blight
• Symptoms
– Small brown or purplish
– black lesions on foliage, leaflets, stem and fruits. White fungal
growth on underside.
-To control avoid planting tomatoes after potatoes, Avoid
diseased seedlings, remove excess sucker and old leaves to
ensure air circulation, weeding, use recommended fungicide
(b) Early blight
• Symptoms
– Dark brown circular spots with concentric rings on the leaves. Similar
spots may be observed on stems petioles and fruits. On stems it is elongate.
-Disease is spread by seed, wind, rain and infected plant material.
-To control use crop rotation, sanitation, fungicide like Dithane M45,
Ridomil, treat seeds with thiram 3g/kg of seed, use mulch, use tolerant
varieties, removal affected plants.
DISEASES CONT……………………
(2) Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum)
– symptoms are rapid wilting of foliage, stunting
growth and leaf lets and leaf stack curl down ward,
Brown discoloration of the water conducting tissue.
-To control use disease free soil for seedbeds, avoid
excess amounts of nitrogenous fertilizer, use tolerant
curtivars
(3) Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum)
– symptom are yellow leaves, wilting of the plant at
too much sun day, brown discoloration at base of the
stem.
-To control plant tolerant curtivars Roma VFM,
uproot the affected plant and burnt, use fungicide
spray – topsin M.70
DISEASES CONT……………………
(4) Tomato Mosaic virus (TMV)
– symptom are light and dark green
mottling of foliage with curling and malformation of
leaflets, fern – like appearance of leaflets in several
cases.
-To control use crop rotation, diseases free seed,
removal of infected plants, destroy old crops, rogue
out plants affected, spray to kill the vector.
(5) Other diseases are,
(a) Rhizopus rot,
(b) powdery mildew,
(c) Tomato yellow Leaf curl virus (TYLCV).
DISORDERS – non pathogenic disease
(a) Blossom end rot – Is a physiological disease wide spread
when there is irregular watering and calcium deficiency,
also on salt affected soil with acidic condition.
-Symptoms are rotting of fruits at the bottom (sunken
spots), water soaked at the place where rotting had
occurred.
-To control regular watering, apply CAN, liming (apply
lime) and avoid excessive nitrogenous fertilizers.
(b) Fruit cracking/ splitting
(c) Round shape – if the plant cavity get enough water at
tool much sunny time. This water in the fruit can’t colarate
with the water getting lost in the atmosphere
(d) Star shape – when there is too much moisture at the
same time the atmosphere is also wet.
HARVESTING
• Tomatoes should be firm and fully colored.
•
They are of highest quality when they ripen on healthy vines and daily summer
temperatures average about 75°F.
•
When temperatures are high (air temperature of 90°F or more), the softening
process is accelerated and color development is retarded, reducing quality. For this
reason, during hot summer weather, pick your tomatoes every day or two,
•
harvest the fruits when color has started to develop and ripen them further
indoors (at 70 to 75°F). On the day before a killing freeze is expected,
•
harvest all green mature fruit that is desired for later use in the fall. Wrap the
tomatoes individually in paper and store at 60 to 65°F. They continue to ripen
slowly over the next several weeks.
•
Whole plants may be uprooted and hung in sheltered locations, where fruit
continues to ripen.
HARVESTING cont…………….
CATEGORIES OF HARVESTING
(a) Very early varieties……..45-60 days
(b) Early varieties……………..50-60 days
(c) Middle varieties………….70-80 days
(d) Late varieties………………70-90 days
STORAGE
• Leave your tomatoes on the vine as long as possible. If any fall off
before they appear ripe, place them in a paper bag with the stem
up and store them in a cool, dark place.
• Never place tomatoes on a sunny windowsill to ripen; they may rot
before they are ripe!
• The perfect tomato for picking will be firm and very red in color,
regardless of size, with perhaps some yellow remaining around the
stem. A ripe tomato will be only slightly soft.
• If your tomato plant still has fruit when the first hard frost
threatens, pull up the entire plant and hang it upside down in the
basement or garage. Pick tomatoes as they redden.
•
Never refrigerate fresh tomatoes. Doing so spoils the flavor and
texture that make up that garden tomato taste.
•
To freeze, core fresh unblemished tomatoes and place them whole
in freezer bags or containers. Seal, label, and freeze. The skins will
slip off when they defrost