Transcript Sentences and Fragments

Sentences and Fragments
Another aesthetically pleasing presentation from Mr. Salyer.
Independent/Dependent clauses clause
• Independent Clause
• Can stand alone as a complete sentence
• Has a subject, verb, and expresses a complete thought
• Dependent (Subordinate) Clause
• Also contains a subject and a verb
• BUT DOES NOT EXPRESS A COMPLETE THOUGHT
Dependent Markers (Subordinating
conjunctions)
• Common words that will begin a dependent clause
• When, whenever, before, after, although, though, despite, unless,
until, whatever, because, since, if, whether, whereas, while
• Fragment- Even though Mr. Salyer wears short shorts
• Sentence- Even though Mr. Salyer wears short shorts, he is still very
fashionable.
• Reversed- Mr. Salyer is very fashionable even though he wears short
shorts.
Appositives and appositive phrases
• An appositive is a noun or a phrase that describes, explains, or
renames another noun positioned close to it.
• Not essential to the meaning of the sentence
Appositives continued
• A former Tippecanoe and BGSU runner, Mr. Salyer will be
participating in the Boston Marathon on April 20th.
• Mr. Salyer, a former Tippecanoe and BGSU runner, will be
participating in the Boston Marathon on April 20th.
• Mr. Salyer will be competing in the Boston Marathon on April 20th,
National Pot-Smoking Day.
Practice
• Using an appositive phrase, write a sentence about someone in this
class. Be nice.
• Student’s name, APPOSITIVE PHRASE, finish sentence.
Prepositional Phrases
• Preposition (Time and location)
• Can be placed at different spots within a sentence
• The tomato grows around the world.
• The tomato grows in many shapes and varieties in greenhouses
around the world.
• The tomatoes in the greenhouse grow in many varieties and colors.
• In the greenhouse, the tomatoes grow in many varieties and colors.
Prepositional Phrases = fragments
• Cannot stand alone as a sentence.
• In the greenhouse
• In many shapes and varieties in greenhouses around the world.
• Lack subjects
Gerunds and gerund phrases
• A verb form that ends in –ing and functions as a NOUN
• Gerunds AREN’T VERBS
• Running is my favorite hobby. (Functions as noun and subject)
• Fragment: Tomatoes growing in many shapes and sizes around the
world. (No verb…should be grow)
Participles
• Verb forms that FUNCTION AS ADJECTIVES
• Often formed by adding –ed or –ing to verbs (present and past)
• Talk becomes talked or talking
• Throw becomes thrown and throwing
• Participial phrase begins with a participle
Location of Participial phrases
• Beginning
• Originating in South America, the tomato grows in many shapes and
varieties.
• Grown originally in South America, the tomato…
• Middle
• The tomato, cultivated initially in South America during the first
millennium, is now grown in many shapes and varieties.
CLOSE TO WORD THEY MODIFY!
• If the participial phrase is not located close to the word it modifies, or
it does not seem to modify anything, it creates CONFUSION.
• Examples
• Oozing slowly across the floor, Marvin watched the salad dressing.
• With his tail held high, my father led the prized poodle around the
arena.
Pronouns as Subjects
• Yes, a pronoun can serve as the subject of the sentence.
• Tomatoes grow around the world and comes in many shapes and
varieties.
• It grows around the world.
• They grow.
• They grow in many shapes and varieties.
Subject Pronouns (people and things)
• People
• I, you, she, he, it, one, we, they
• Groups of people or things
• Each, few, both, some, several, many, most, other(s), a number of, the
majority
“Many” and “most” as a subject pronoun
• “Many” and “most” can be used as a subject.
• Many (tomatoes) are grown in greenhouses around the world.
• Often followed by “of them”
• Many (of them) are grown in greenhouses around the world.
• Most (of them) believe that the tomato is a vegetable.
• “Of which” “of whom” = fragments
• Many of which are grown in greenhouses around the world
• Most of whom believe that the tomato is a vegetable.
“Many” and “most” continued
• Incorrect: The tomato is used by cooks around the world, most of
them believe that it is a vegetable rather than a fruit.
• Two independent clauses
• Start a new sentence, use a semicolon, or use comma conjunction
• Correct: The tomato is used by cooks around the world. Most of
them believe that it is a vegetable rather than a fruit.
• Correct: The tomato is used by cooks around the world, most of
whom believe that it is a vegetable rather than a fruit.
• Independent clause followed by a COMMA and NON-ESSENTIAL PHRASE