Transcript The Plant Kingdom

Natural Products and Evidence
based Herbal medicines I
Medicinal Botany
Part 3.
Plant TAXONOMY
Department of Natural Products
and Alternative Medicine
and Subkingdom
and subclass
Plant Taxonomy
PLANT TAXONOMY
The following system of classification is used for the plant
kingdom:
The Plant Kingdom (PHYTA) is divided into three
subkingdoms:
A- Subkingdom PROTOPHYTA (primitive plants)
B- Subkingdom THALLOPHYTA (Non differentiated)
C- Subkingdom EMBRYOPHYTA
(embryo present)
A- Subkingdom PROTOPHYTA
(primitive organisms)
♣Phylum Microtatobiotes (viruses, phages and rickettsiae)
♣ Phylum Schizomycophyta (bacteria)
B- Subkingdom THALLOPHYTA
(body is a simple thallus, no embryo, not differentiated into stem, root& leaf
and dichotomous branching):
♣ Phylum Chlorophyta. e.g. green algae
♣ Phylum Bacillariophyta e.g. diatoms
♣ Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae) e.g. Fucus
♣ Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae) e.g. Agar
♣ Phylum Eumycophyta (true fungi) e.g Ergot .
C- Subkingdom EMBRYOPHYTA
(embryo present)
♣ Phylum BRYOPHYTA (Non-vascular).
♣ Phylum TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants).
Phylum TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants):
Class Gymnosperm (conifers) e.g. Ginkgo
Class Angiosperm (flowering plants):
1. Subclass Dicotyledons (dicots).
2. Subclass Monocotyledons (monocots).
Class Angiospermae (flowering plants):
The angiosperms (flowering plants)
form the
highest class of Tracheophyta or vascular plants
and are divided into two subclasses:
A. Monocotyledoneae.
B. Dicotyledoneae.
A. Monocotyledoneae.
Their plants have following characters:
● The embryo has one cotyledon.
● The leaves are usually parallel –veined.
● The vascular bundles of the stem are closed.
B. Dicotyledoneae
Their plants have the following characters:
● The embryo has two cotyledons.
● The leaves are usually pinnately- veined.
● The vascular bundles are open.
Plants
belonging
to
class
angiospermae
(flowering plants) of medicinal importance families
Monocotyledoneae: Liliaceae and Zingiberaceae
Dicotyledoneae:Scruphulariaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae
Papaveraceae, Compositae , Umbelliferae, Leguminosae and
Apocyanaceae.
Flowers are the organs of sexual reproduction of
higher plants and also generally offer the most exact
means of identification.
The structure of the flower :
A typical Flower is composed of the following floral parts :
1-Calyx (K): formed of green sepals (S), free or united .
2- Corolla (C): formed of colored petals (P), free or united
3-Androecium (A): formed of stamens, free or united
united with petals ( epipetalous ) .
4- Gynoecium (G) : formed of carpels ,each is made of
an ovary ,style ,and stigma .
Placentation:
It is the arrangement of ovules inside the ovary, of :
1-Axile
in which the ovary is multilocular and the ovules
arise on the central placenta produced by the united edges
of the ovary walls .
2-Marginal ,Basal and Apical .
Symbols representing the floral parts:
Calyx (sepals )
K (s)
Corolla (petals )
C (p)
Male flower
♂
Female flower
♀
Hermaphrodite ( bisexual ) ♀♂
Actinomorphic ( symmetric ) Ө
Zygomorphic (asymmetric ) %
Androecium
A
Gynoecium
G
Indefinite
United parts
Superior gynoecium
Perigynous
∞
( )
G
G
_
Inferior gynoecium
G
Floral formula (FF):
FF represents its structure in a
symbolic way. The placentation is
usually referred to below the
symbol
representing
the
gynoecium.
Floral diagram (FD):
FD
is
another
way
of
representing the structure of the
flower.
It is an imaginary TS showing the
arrangement of parts. At the top
of FD, a point is usually drawn to
represent the axis of the flower.
At the base, the bract is present .