Transcript Ch 1.1, 1.3 - San Diego Mesa College

Everywhere we turn we are bombarded
with the vast amount of information.
Consider just a few examples.
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Since the 19th century, human activity has
caused more than 200 strong earthquakes, says
a report in the German newspaper Die Zeit.
Mining triggered half of these quakes. Other
causes appear to be the extraction of gas, oil, or
water; fluid injection; and the creation of
reservoirs. A 1989 earthquake in Newcastle,
Australia, which scientists attribute to
underground coal mining, left 13 people dead,
165 injured, and damage to the tune of
$3.5 billion (U.S.). It is calculated that the losses
caused by that quake exceeded the total amount
of money earned from mining in Newcastle since
operations began there two centuries ago.
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▪ “100 million deaths were caused by tobacco
in the 20th century.”—WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION, SWITZERLAND.
▪ “For almost 9000 patients who had heart
surgery in the [United Kingdom] between
1996 and 2003, receiving a red cell
transfusion was associated with three times
the risk of dying in the following year and an
almost sixfold risk of dying within 30 days of
surgery compared with not receiving one.”—
NEW SCIENTIST, BRITAIN.
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A comprehensive study of the health of reef-forming
coral species indicates that 32.8 percent of those
classified are at “elevated risk of extinction” as a
result of climate change or local human
interference.—SCIENCE, U.S.A.
Of the more than 2,000 children with breathing
problems examined at a hospital pediatric unit in
Athens, Greece, some “65 percent were found to have
been exposed to [tobacco] smoke by one or both of
their parents.”—KATHIMERINI—ENGLISH EDITION,
GREECE.
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In Poland, 17 percent of the boys and 18 percent of
the girls have tried drugs by age 15.—ŻYCIE
WARSZAWY, POLAND.
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Overview
Created by Tom Wegleitner, Centreville, Virginia
Edited by Olga Pilipets, San Diego, California
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Overview
A common goal of studies and surveys
and other data collecting tools is to
collect data from a small part of a larger
group so we can learn something about
the larger group.
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Population is the complete collection
of all elements to be studied; it
includes all
subjects to be studied
Sample
is a Subcollection of
members selected from a population
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Suppose that you want to know how far
College students in San Diego travel to
their school. You surveyed 152 students
and found out that they travel 5.2 mi on
average.
Which group represents population?
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Data
observations (such as
measurements, genders, survey
responses) that have been
collected

Census
Collection of data from every
member of a population
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a collection of methods for :
 planning studies and experiments
 obtaining data
 organizing, summarizing
 presenting
 analyzing, interpreting
 drawing conclusions based on the
data
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Types of Data
Created by Tom Wegleitner, Centreville, Virginia
Edited by Olga Pilipets, San Diego, California
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
Parameter
a numerical measurement
describing some characteristic of a
population.
population
parameter
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Definition
 Statistic
a numerical measurement describing
some characteristic of a sample.
sample
statistic
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numbers representing counts
or measurements.
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can be separated into different
categories that are distinguished by
some nonnumeric characteristic
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Working with Quantitative Data
Quantitative data can further be
described by distinguishing
between discrete and continuous
types.
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 Consists
of counting (natural)
numbers such as 0, I, 2, 3,…
 Applied to objects that cannot be
divided in parts: people, houses,
cars, etc.
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results from measuring
infinitely many possible values that
correspond to some continuous scale
covers a range of values without gaps,
interruptions, or jumps
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Levels of Measurement
Another way to classify data is to use
levels of measurement. Four of
these levels are discussed in the
following slides.
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names, labels, or categories only
 the data cannot be arranged in an
ordering scheme (such as low to high)
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data that can be arranged in some order
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differences between data values either
cannot be determined or are meaningless
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like the ordinal level, with the additional
property that the difference between any
two data values is meaningful
no natural zero starting point (where none
of the quantity is present)
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the interval level with the additional
property that there is also a natural zero
starting point (where zero indicates that
none of the quantity is present);
differences and ratios are meaningful
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Summary - Levels of Measurement
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Nominal
- categories only
Ordinal - categories with some order
Interval - differences but no natural
starting point

Ratio
- differences and a natural
starting point
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Recap
In this section we have looked at:
 Basic definitions and terms describing data
 Parameters versus statistics
 Types of data (quantitative and qualitative)
 Levels of measurement
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#6 p.10
Currently, 42% of the governors of the 50
United States are Democrats.
Is the given value a statistic or a parameter?
Parameter
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#10 p.10
In New York City , there are 3250 walk buttons
that pedestrians can press at traffic
intersections, and 2500 of them do not work.
Is the given value from a discrete or continuous
data set?
Discrete
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#16 p.10
Determine which of the four levels of
measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval,
ration) is most appropriate for the following
survey results:
The number of “yes” responses received when
500 students are asked if they have ever done
binge drinking in college.
Ratio
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#23 p.10
Identify a (a) sample and a (b) population
In a Gallup poll of 1059 randomly selected
adults, 39% answered “yes” when asked “Do
you have a gun in your home?”
Sample: 1059 randomly selected adults
Population: all adult population
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