Transcript Estimated scale of use for medicinal plants in sub

ICRAF’s approach to herbal anti-malarials
Tony Simons
Africa Herbal Anti-malarial Meeting, 20-22 March 2006
World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya
Agroforestry = Working Trees for Working Land
Major farming systems in
Subsaharan Africa
Major rivers
Major Lakes
National Boundaries
#
Major Farming Systems
1. Irrigation
2. Tree crop
3. Forest based
4. Rice-tree crop
5. Highland perennial
6. Highland temperate mixed
7. Root crops
8. Cereal-root crops mixed
9. Maize mixed
11. Agro-pastoral millet/sorghum
10. Large commercial and smallholder
12. Pastoral
N
13. Sparse (arid)
14. Coastal artisanal fishing
900
0
900 Kilomete rs
Global Plant Diversity: botanic family richness
250,000 species
13,500 genera
400 families
Williams, P. H., Gaston, K. J. & Humphries, C. J. (1997)
Mapping biodiversity value worldwide
Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences, 264: 141-148.
Source, form, end-use of anti-malarials
Home-use
Raw
pure
Wild
harvest
Herbalist
Raw blended
Local market
Cultivated
material
Processed
Source
Form
Export
Market
End-use
Source, form, end-use of anti-malarials
Home-use
WHO ACT approach
Raw
pure
Wild
harvest
Herbalist
Raw blended
Local market
Cultivated
material
Processed
Source
Form
Export
Market
End-use
Source, form, end-use of anti-malarials
Home-use
ANAMED approach
Raw
pure
Wild
harvest
Herbalist
Raw blended
Local market
Cultivated
material
Processed
Source
Form
Export
Market
End-use
Source, form, end-use of anti-malarials
Home-use
Raw
pure
Wild
harvest
Herbalist
Raw blended
Local market
Cultivated
material
Processed
Plant
Source
Form
Export
Market
End-use
Harvested parts of wild & cultivated
medicinal trees
140
120
100
80
Cultivated trees
Wild trees
60
40
20
0
Leaf
Bark
Root Stem Flower Seeds Other
1. Context
 species prioritisation is a key issue
 lack of accessibility of herbals
 sustainability also had institutional context
 taxonomy ?? (Linnaeus, community, healer)
 multiple utilities (medicinal and other uses)
 to some endangered means more expensive not a threat
 need for sustainable harvesting guidelines
 need for resource assessments (offtake, quotas)
 need to be aware of trade issues
2. Key problems
1. Threat of disappearance of plant material/habitats
2. Lack of knowledge on cultivation and use
3. Poor continuity of supply affects market
4. Lack of quality in the product
5. Insufficient suitable technology
6. Lack access to productive germplasm
3. Categories of medicinal plants
1. Self-use:
ease of diagnosis
simple preparation
once-off treatment
non-toxic
minor ailment
2. Marketable: no or little degradation on drying, non-perishable
moderately insensitive to dose
nutritional supplements
3. Regulated: licensed healers
certified standards
standardised concentration
danger of over-harvesting
4. Restricted: severe health risk
close licensing only
Estimated scale of use for medicinal plants in sub-saharan Africa (excl RSA)
Wild harvest
Cultivation
Local use
60%
10%
Export
20%
10%
Estimated scale of use for medicinal plants in sub-saharan Africa (excl RSA)
Wild harvest
Cultivation
Local use
60%
10%
Export
20%
10%
Future scale of use for medicinal plants in sub-saharan Africa (excl RSA)
Wild harvest
Cultivation
Local use
15%
60%
Export
5%
20%
Germplasm
For:
Activities:
High quality
Introduction
High yield
Testing of species
Ease of propagation
Testing in system (ecology)
Ease of cultivation
Management practices
Stable yields
Multiplication
Accessibility
Deployment
Commercialisation
1. Nursery businesses will be key for cultivation
2. Cultivation is not always easy, some complex species
3. Need market chain analyses (actors, prices, volumes, seasons, margins)
4. Need to encourage investment in sector
5. Africa is under-developed compared to other regions
6. Public R&D can help in pre-investment phase
7. Will be SMEs not large MNC that operate in the sector
8. Need for exposition at trade fairs etc
Cultivar development
• Quantify the extent & pattern of
variability in species’ fruits and nut
traits of nutritive and commercial
importance as well as morphologic
variability.
• The aim is to identify and multiple
ideotypes for ‘plus trees’ for
different product markets.
Creation of a cultivar
Dacryodes edulis
Earlier fruiting, smaller trees and uniform quality
New Cultivar Development
(Uapaca kirkiana)
propagation
variations
Earlier fruiting, bigger fruits,
heavy fruit loads, smaller
trees and uniform quality
A highly precoc. cultivar (fruited
after 2 yrs.)
Adoption of fodder shrubs in 26 districts of East Africa
Distribution of the 30,000 farmers planting fodder trees in Kenya by district, as of 2004
TRANS NZ OIA
7260
Lak e Victo ria
109
TES O
KAKA MEG A
BUTE RE/
MUMIA S
113
LA IKIPIA
257
NA NDI
VIHIGA
110
KIS UM U
NY ANDO
N
MERU CE NTRAL
Mt. Kenya
1000
KERICHO
7539
NY ERI
237
10 - 1 00
101 - 999
100 0 - 49 99
500 0 - 80 00
1177 MERU
168
RA CHUONYO
KIS II
$
NY ANDARUA
NA KURU
Lake Victoria
LEGEN D
Number of farmers
665
246
SIA YA
2054
EMBU
MURANG A KIRINYAG A
NY AMIRA
109
378
GUCHA
SOUT H
6127
MARAG UA
BOM ET
1190
500
KIA MBU
Y Nairobi
#
District B oundary
Major water body
About three quarters of the farmers have planted Calliandra c alothyrsus , about one-third have each planted Leucaena trichandra , or Morus alba .
Data are from Steven Franzel and the projec t, Scaling up the us e of c alliandra and other fodder trees in Eas t Africa, financed by the
United Kingdom D epartment f or International D ev elopment, Project 6549, Forestry R esearch Programme.
Map layers from ILRI and ICRAF.Map compiled by George Aike of GIS Unit, ICRA F - The W orld Agrof orestry Centre.
Research on farmer to farmer dissemination
• What percentage of them gave seed and information to other
farmers ? 53%
• To how many farmers did each disseminator give to? avg=6
• Disseminating is positively associated with
– numbers of fodder shrubs on the farm,
– numbers of farmers growing fodder shrubs in the district,
– visits from extension.
• Factors not associated with disseminating
– wealth level, gender, age,
– level of education, and
– whether a farmer had had a nursery
Understanding
Markets
(fruit, medicine)
Market Trends
(1)
1,600.0
16
1,400.0
14
1,200.0
12
1,000.0
10
800.0
8
600.0
6
400.0
4
200.0
2
0.0
0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
___________
2000-10 2000-11 2000-12 2001-01 2001-02 2001-03 2001-04 2001-05 2001-06 2001-07 2001-08 2001-09 2001-10 2001-11 2001-12 2002-01 2002-02 2002-03 2002-04 2002-05 2002-06 2002-07
(1) Source: ICRAF 2003 Farmer Logbook Survey.
Year-Month and Week
# of Observations
Price / kg (CFA)
Weekly Prices of Cola Acuminata
Public Private Partnerships
60
Allanblackia
Palm oil
Palm kernel
Rape oil
50
40
30
20
10
lau
ri c
my
r is
t ic
pa
lm
it ic
st e
ari
c
ol e
ic
C1
8:2
0
Effects of clone, substrate, leaf area interactions on rooting %
of A. floribunda single-node leafy stem cuttings
Percentages of cuttings rooted
80
clone MB, sand, 12.5cm2
clone MB, sand, 25 cm2
clone MB, sand, 50 cm2
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
Weeks after treatment
36
38
ITSC nursery, Offinso, May 2005
600,000 seedlings
FORIG/ICRAF Research Nursery, Kumasi
65,000 seedlings
Kwezitu Village Nursery, Tanzania
May 2005
400 seedlings
ACT - Artemisinin Combination Therapy
or
HCT - Herbal Combination Therapy
Objectives of HCT
The World Agroforestry Centre wishes to team up with a range of partners
to expand on-going efforts to:
(1) assemble a diverse range of Artemisia germplasm
(2) screen and identify high-yielding varieties adapted to various
African agro-ecosystems
(3) identify other antimalarial plants in the same various agro-ecosystems
(4) carry out in vitro, in vivo and clinical tests on safety and efficacy of
antimalarials singularly and in combination with Artemisia
(5) develop propagation and management guidelines for anti-malarial plants
(6) set up Artemisia nurseries in rural areas
(7) produce and disseminate extension literature on cultivation,
harvesting and use of HCTs
Access to ACTs
Paved road
SSA – 37,000 km
Switzerland – 71,000 km
Combination therapy
Annickia chlorantha
Azadirachta indica
Cryptolepsis sanguinolenta
Trichilia emetica
Vernonia spp.
Warburgia ugandensis
Zanthoxylum chalybeum
Suitability areas for cultivation of
Artemisia annua
Warburgia ugandensis
With Kenyan Medical Research Institute (DFID grant)
Plasmodium falciparum
Human red blood cells O+
Incubated for 48 hours in vitro
Treated with Warburgia extracts
After 18 hours determined IC50 values
IC50 - Any value less than 200 ug/ml is considered both
efficaceous and worthy of in vivo testing
Sample code
Plant part
IC50 Values (µg/ml)
A1-T3
A2-T3
A3-T3
Young leaves
Old leaves
Root bark
>250
>250
4.09±0.24
B1-T5
B2-T5
B3-T5
Young leaves
Old leaves
Root bark
241.24±0.88
33.70±2.94
4.70±0.35
C1-T6
C2-T6
C3-T6
Young leaves
Old leaves
Root bark
162.74±43.08
212.74±16.0
8.55±0.52
D1-T7
D2-T7
D3-T7
Young leaves
Old leaves
Root bark
120.21±34.38
131.56±3.98
14.88±2.65
E1-T8
E2-T8
CQ
Young leaves
Old leaves
>250
>250
0.173  0.0008
Eco- and Fairtrade Labeling, or other
product branding
• China is a rapidly ‘Emerging Organic Market’
• Labeling offers a promising niche market for NTFP / AFTP
• ICRAF has linked with the BioFach-China project (a PPP), and with
Fair Trade Labeling Organizations (FLO), WWF, Greenpeace, Oxfam,
to explore NTFP certification (FSC)
• BioFach-China project’s objectives very similar to those of ICRAF’s
proposed Natural Product Opportunity Centre