Transcript Plant Kingdom

ALGAE
Lives in water
Absorbs water and nutrients through all
surfaces
Fertilization occurs in water
No true roots or leaves
example
LIFE ON LAND
LIMITATIONS: not enough water
SOLUTIONS:
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Protection from drying out: waxy cuticle
A way for carbon dioxide to get past cuticle
(stoma)
Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)
Still no true roots
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remain small because must absorb water from
ground like a sponge
No vascular system (“plumbing”)
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Remain small because cannot get water farther
than it can be absorbed
Still need water to get sperm to eggs
Limited to damp habitats
for survival and reproduction
Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)
MORE SOLUTIONS
VASCULAR SYSTEM (“plumbing”)
ROOTS
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Can reside in areas that are dry on the
surface some of the year
Can access water and mineral nutirents from
below soil surface
Can grow taller and better compete for
sunlight
Lower Vascular Plants
- ferns and fern allies -
Lower Vascular Plants
LIMITATIONS:
Cannot live outside of
damp areas
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Still need water to get
sperm to eggs
Embryo very
vulnerable – low
survival rate
Limited to damp habitats
for reproduction
MORE SOLUTIONS
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POLLEN
sperm no longer needs to swim to egg in water
can be carried (even further) by wind
-> More genetic diversity
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SEEDS:
Embryo protected by seed coat
Embryo nourished by endosperm
-> Greater survival – more genes passed on
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IMPROVED VASCULAR TISSUE (wood)
Can grow taller yet and compete evevn better for sunlight
Deep roots can tap more resources
Vascular Plants with SEEDS
- seed plants -
Vascular Plants with SEEDS
- seed plants -
GYMNOSPERMS
- limitations wind disperses pollen
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Not always reliable
Still limits genetic diversity to distance pollen
is carried
wind disperses seeds
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Not always reliable
Limits rate of spread to new habitats
EVEN MORE SOLUTIONS
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FLOWERS
Attract and reward animal pollinators
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Improve prospects of fertilization
Increase outcrossing
FRUIT
Aid in dispersal of seeds
Some attract and reward animal dispersers (fleshy fruits)
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Greatly increase colonization of new habitats
Decrease local competition
Increase outcrossing
FLOWERS
FLOWERS & POLLINATORS
FRUIT
FRUIT