Transcript TSNA Levels in Burley Tobacco Fertilized with different Sources of

Growing Burley Tobacco in a
Post Buyout Environment
Dr. Gary Palmer
University of Kentucky
Good Agricultural Practices
Produced in a timely manner
 Good management essential
 Use of agronomically sound
practices
 Economically viable returns
 High yield per acre
 Reduce Environmental Impact of
Production

What Will the Term Quality Mean?

Desirable for buyer
 Contracted amount supplied
 Cured properly
 Free of foreign material
 Low in undesirable elements
 Nornicotine
 Nitrosamines
 nitrate & nitrites
 Low pesticide residue
• No unlabeled pesticides
• No excessive residues of labeled chemicals
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Seeding so that plants will
be ready to set on time
 Watch weather reports to
reduce gas expense
Controlling environment to
minimize temperature &
disease related damage
Disease prevention
 To reduce delays
 To improve transplant
quality
Timely
Production
Terramaster for pythium control
Transplant on time
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Can improve yield
Reduce disease
incidence
 Blue mold
 Virus complex
Some curing
concerns
What’s the difference between a good farmer and a bad farmer?
Varieties Will Be Screened
Varieties may have some plants in
the population that produce a high
amount of nornicotine (Converters)
 Nornicotine may lead to NNN
(Nitrosonornicotine): one of the
Tobacco Specific NitrosAmines
 By cleaning up the variety so that
most plants have a low level, NNN
will develop at only a low level
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Some Varieties Will Be Dropped
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Screening is expensive and older varieties would cost
too much to justify upkeep
Good alternatives are available to replace most older
varieties
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A good disease package will be essential
Use of some varieties may drop
 14 x L8
• High management
• Tendency to initiate suckers early
 KY 907
• Lodging & quality
 TN 86
• Quality
Public varieties may not be screened
 Make sure that the variety you use has been screened
“LC” Varieties

Screened varieties
• Re-released as “LC” varieties
 “LC” varieties available to growers in 2005
 TN 90LC, TN 86LC, TN 97LC, KT 200LC, KY 907LC
 KY 14LC, KY17LC, KY 14 X L8LC

NO difference except for conversion
• Same for yield, quality, disease resistance
 TN 90 “LC” is still TN 90
Burley Tobacco Variety Trial
3048 2990 2971 2990 3140 2921 2976 3034 3059 2944
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
430
447
456
491
1095 1054
946
999
1051
428
452
472
478
459
923
1001 1019
959
507
984
1070 1098 1124 1116 1124 1098 1101 1094 1206 1008
Leaf
Tips
Locations: Clinton, Henry, Taylor (3), Trimble(2) & Wayne Counties
444
TN
90
Lugs
R
N
Flyings
436
712
6
5
C
N
12
6
N
4
442
402
K
T2
0
0
448
C
476
420
T2
0
K
L8
14
X
K
B
H
454
410
04
P
40
3
455
H
Yield kg/ha
Across 8 Locations – 4 Grades
Nitrogen Use
 Optimum
levels
Soil Level of N
Lbs. N/ac
High
150-200
Medium
200-250
Low
250-300
Nitrogen Changes in
Competing Countries

Brazil
 Changes
 Rate
• From 250 lb/a
• To 150 lb/a
 Type
• From Ammonium Nitrate & Urea
• To Soda Potash (100% Nitrate
Nitrogen)
Effects of Nitrogen Rate
on Burley Yield
Madison Co. – Gregg Harris Farm
3500
2810
2813
2893
600
628
600
1667
1669
1839
545
517
450 AN
600 AN
2695
2928
2931
3019
356
666
693
639
171
1516
1801
1772
1815
238
453
461
461
466
564
187
750 AN
900 AN
Yield lb/a
3000
2500
719
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Flyings
1050 AN 1200 AN 450 AN
+ 714
Lugs Tip
14-0-14
LSD
All plots received 450 lb/a Ammonium Nitrate Broadcast followed by the remainder of the nitrogen
shortly after transplanting. AN = Ammonium Nitrate. 14-0-14 is a calcium/potassium nitrate mix
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Crop Rotation
Prevention
Conservation
Tillage
 Utilization of
disease free
land
Disease
Management
Blue Mold
Preventative
 Acrobat
Actigard
Avoid
 Shade
Low wet areas
Infected
Transplants
Black Shank:
 Rotation
 Resistant Varieties
 Ridomil
 Sanitation
Controlling
Red Aphids
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Admire
Platinum
Pesticide Concerns
Illegal pesticides
 Could void contract
 Indiscriminant use of labeled
pesticides
 Endosulfan (Golden Leaf)
 MH
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Recommended Sucker Control
1.5 gal MH + .5 gal of either Prime+ or
Butralin
 Coarse Nozzles
 TG-3 if tractor mounted sprayer or
high clearance sprayer in rough
terrain
 TG-5 if high clearance on level
ground
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Consistent Supply
Topping
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Top can vary by company
 May change in the future
Top to 23-24 leaves
 For companies looking for more tips
Topping height can influence other factors
 Leaf spread
 Cured leaf color
 Root development
 Nicotine levels
 Disease incidence
Harvest mature tobacco
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Usually at 4 weeks after
topping
Weather may delay
Late maturing varieties may
need more time
Harvest
date
3000
Yield/A
Yield
2500
2000
Quality
1500
2
3
4
Weeks After Topping
5
6
Harvest Problems
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Avoid Green
Sunburn
Mud
Curing Burley Tobacco
Curing Problem
Low humidity/high temperature
 Drying, not a cure
 Low humidity/satisfactory temperature
 Variegated, piebald or green tobacco
 Low or high humidity/low temperature
 Green tobacco
 High humidity/high temperature
 House burn, microbial growth and
excessive weight loss

Percentage of Tobacco
Stripped into Each Grade from
8 Locations
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
H403
HB04P K14XL8 KT200 KT204
N126
NC5
NC6
R7-12
TN90
Flyings 15.81% 14.18% 15.88% 15.16% 16.13% 16.19% 14.09% 15.22% 14.99% 15.80%
34.87% 36.76% 38.27% 37.68% 35.83% 37.71% 37.07% 36.59% 39.92% 34.34%
Lugs
Leaf
35.02% 34.65% 30.98% 32.14% 32.36% 30.54% 32.84% 32.24% 30.29% 32.52%
Tips
14.31% 14.41% 14.86% 15.02% 15.68% 15.56% 15.99% 15.95% 14.80% 17.34%
Flyings
Lugs
Leaf
Tips
Locations: Clinton, Henry, Taylor (3), Trimble(2) & Wayne Counties
“Crop Throw”

Typical
 Flyings – 4 leaves
 Lugs – 9 leaves
 Leaf – 8 leaves
 Tips – 4 leaves
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Contract Demand
 Flyings – 1-3 leaves
 Lugs – 4-6 leaves
 Leaf – 11-12 leaves
 Tips – 4-6 leaves
Market Prep & Storage
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Wait till cure is complete
 No fat stems
Avoid
 High moisture
 High pressure during
baling
 Non-tobacco related
material
Storage
 Minimal amount of time
 Avoid plastic
 Provide ventilation