Transcript Classification

Classification
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Section:
The Classification Game!!
Divide into groups of 3 or 4
In the following few slides, you will find
14 different organisms, each of them labeled with a
letter.
In your groups, write down two main classification
(example red/green).
Then place the corresponding letters under
the correct classification.
B
E
A
D
C
F
G
K
L
J
I
H
M
N
One Possible Solution
Animals
Plants
C
D
A
G
I
J
M
????
B
K
E
N
F
L
H
Did You Have Problems??
There were actually several different ways to go
about classifying these 14 organisms. You might
have done color, shape, size, number of legs… the
possibilities are endless. You might have
encountered one or two that really did not fit into
either of your two classifications, what should you
do when this happens? Make a new classification
of course! And this is what scientist have done as
well through the years.
The Challenge
• Biologists have identified and
named approximately 1.5 million
species so far.
• They estimate that between 2 and
100 million species have yet to be
identified.
Finding Order in Diversity
•
1. Why Classify?
– To study the diversity of life
– To organize and name organisms
• Ex: supermarket
•
2. Why give scientific names?
– Common names are misleading
jellyfish
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Section:
silverfish
None of these animals are fish!
star fish
Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms
Some organisms have several common names
This cat is commonly
known as:
•Florida panther
•Mountain lion
•Puma
•Cougar
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of one
color”
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Section:
Origin of Scientific Names
• By the 18th century, scientists realized that
naming organisms with common names was
confusing.
• Scientists during this time agreed to use a
single name for each species.
• They used Latin and Greek languages for
scientific names.
Slide # 6
Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy
1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed
system of classification – binomial
nomenclature
a. Two name naming system
b. Gave organisms 2 names
Genus (noun) and species (adjective)
Rules for naming organisms
1. Written is Latin (unchanging)
2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase
3. Both names are italicized or underlined
EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man
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Section:
Carolus
Linnaeus
Linnaeus’s System of Hierarchy
Least
specific
Kingdom
1.
Phylum
Class
2.
a.
Family
c.
Class
b.
Species
d.
Order
Order
Based on their names, you know that
the baboons Papio annubis and Papio
cynocephalus do not belong to the
same:
Family
a.
Family
c. Order
b.
Genus
d. Species
Genus
Most
specific
Species
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Section:
Which of the following contains all of the
others?
Binomial Nomenclature Example
• For example, the polar bear is named
Ursus maritimus.
• The genus, Ursus, describes a group of
closely related bear species.
• In this example, the species, maritimus,
describes where the polar bear lives—on
pack ice floating on the sea.
Each KINGDOM is further classified into more specific groups,
much like addresses are organized into smaller categories.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Country
State
County
Town
Neighborhood
Street
House Number
SPECIES
Modern Classification
• Linnaeus grouped species into
larger taxa, such as genus and
family, based on visible
similarities.
• Darwin’s ideas about descent
with modification evolved into
the study of phylogeny, or
evolutionary relationships
among organisms.
Modern Classification
• Modern biologists group organisms into categories
representing lines of evolutionary descent.
• Species within a genus are more closely related to
each other than to species in another genus.
Genus: Felis
Genus: Canis
Similarities in DNA and RNA
• Scientists use similarities and differences in
DNA to determine classification and
evolutionary relationships.
• They can sequence or “read” the
information coded in DNA to compare
organisms.
Kingdoms and Domains
• In the 18th century, Linnaeus originally
proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and
Plantae.
• By the 1950s, scientists expanded the
kingdom system to include five
kingdoms.
The Five Kingdom System
Monera
bacteria
Protista
Amoeba, slime mold
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
mushrooms, yeasts, molds
flowering plants, mosses, ferns,
cone-bearing plants
mammals, birds, insects, fishes,
worms, sponges
The Six Kingdom System
• In recent years, biologists have
recognized that the Monera are
composed of two distinct groups.
• As a result, the kingdom Monera has
now been separated into two
kingdoms: Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria, resulting in a sixkingdom system of classification.
The Three-Domain System
• Scientists can group modern organisms
by comparing ribosomal RNA to
determine how long they have been
evolving independently.
• This type of molecular analysis has
resulted in a new taxonomic
category—the domain.
The Three Domains
• The three domains, which are larger than
the kingdoms, are the following:
• Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and
animals
• Bacteria – which corresponds to the
kingdom Eubacteria.
• Archaea – which corresponds to the
kingdom Archaebacteria.
Classification of Living Things
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Eubacteria
ArchaeProtista Plantae Fungi
bacteria
Animalia
Hierarchical Ordering of Classification
Grizzly bear Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Coral Sea star
Abert
squirrel snake
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
As we move from
the kingdom level
to the species level,
more and more
members are
removed.
Each level is more
specific.
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Section:
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Cladogram
• An evolutionary tree that suggests how species may be
related
• Over evolutionary time, certain traits in a group of species, or
clade, stay the same. Other traits change.
Derived Characters
• Derived characters are traits that are shared by some
species but not by others
• The more closely related species are, the more
derived characters they will share
• Derived characters
are shown as
hash marks
Nodes
• Each place where a branch splits is called a node.
• Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor
shared by a clade.
What do the house cat and the turtle have in common?
What does the leopard have in common with the wolf?
What organisms are most closely related?
A tool used to determine the identity of an organism
1. a. Wings covered by a hard covering (exoskeleton)…….go to 2
b. Wings not covered by exoskeleton…….go to 3
2. a. Body is round shape……Lady bug
b. Body is elongated…… Grasshopper
3.
Housefly
a. Wings point toward the back………
b. Wings point toward the sides….. Go to 4
4. a. Wings are large and broad…….
Butterfly
b. Wings are long and thin…...
Dragonfly
EXAMPLE OF A DICHOTOMOUS KEY
MONEY TAXONOMIC KEY
1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2
1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5
2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny
2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3
3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel.
3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4
4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime
4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter
1. a. Needle leaves
b. Non-needle leaves
go to 2
go to 3
2. a. Needles are clustered
b. Needles are in singlets
Pine
Spruce
3. a. Simple leaves (single leaf)
b. Compound leaves (made of “leaflets”)
go to 4
go to 7
4. a. Smooth edged
b. Jagged edge
go to 5
go to 6
5. a. Leaf edge is smooth
b. Leaf edge is lobed
Magnolia
White Oak
6. a. Leaf edge is small and tooth-like
b. Leaf edge is large and thorny
Elm
Holly
_____________
____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
7. a. Leaflets are attached at one single point Chestnut
b. Leaflets are attached at multiple points Walnut
_____________
_____________
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Cell Type
Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Nutrition
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Location
Extreme Environments Volcanoes,
Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot
Springs
Examples
Methanogens
Thermophiles
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Section:
Kingdom Eubacteria
Cell Type
Number of Cells
Nutrition
Examples
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph or
Heterotroph
E. coli
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
(E. coli)
Streptococcus
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Section:
Kingdom Protista
Cell Type
Eukaryote
Number of Cells
Most Unicellular,
some multicellular
Nutrition
Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Examples
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
Euglena,
Paramecium
Green algae
The “Junk-Drawer”
Kingdom
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Section:
Amoeba
Kingdom Fungi
Cell Type
Eukaryote
Number of Cells
Most multicelluar,
some unicelluar
Heterotroph
Nutrition
Example
Mildew on Leaf
Mushroom, yeast,
mildew, mold
Most Fungi are
DECOMPOSERS
Mushroom
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Section:
Kingdom Plantae
Cell Type
Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition
Autotroph
Examples
Mosses, ferns,
conifers,
flowering plants
Mosses growing
on trees
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Section:
Ferns :
seedless
vascular
Douglas fir:
seeds in cones
Sunflowers:
seeds in
flowers
Kingdom Animalia
Cell Type
Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition
Examples
Heterotroph
Sponges,
worms, insects,
fish, mammals
Bumble bee
Sage grouse
Jellyfish
Hydra
Poison dart frog
Sponge
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Section: