Transcript Lecture3 - Utah Valley University Herbarium

Utah Flora
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Lecture 3
Gymnosperms
Including:
Pinophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Utah Flora
Quiz
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Specimens 1 & 2:
A. Are the leaves simple or compound?
B. Are the leave entire, palmately lobed,
palmately compound or pinnately compound?
C. Are the leaves opposite or alternate?
Specimens 3:
A. A. Are the leaves simple or compound?
B. Are the leave entire, palmately lobed,
palmately compound or pinnately compound?
Specimen 4:
A. Are the flowers irregular or regular?
B. Are the petals fused or seperate?
Utah Flora
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Introduction to Scientific Names
Family Names
family: -aceae
exceptions to family -aceae ending. Valid alternatives:
Cruciferae
Leguminosae
Guttiferae
Umbelliferae
Labiatae
Compositae
Palmae
Gramineae
Brassicaceae (mustard)
Fabaceae (pea)
Clusiaceae (St. Johnswort)
Apiaceae (carrot)
Lamiaceae (mints)
Asteraceae (daisy)
Arecaceae (palms)
Poaceae (grasses)
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Introduction to Scientific Names
Common Names
“Bluebell” is an example of a common plant name.
In Scotland, bluebells are:
Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae)
In Ireland, they are:
Hyacinthoides nonscripta (Liliaceae)
In the United States, they are:
one of a dozen species of Mertensia (Boraginaceae)
or
one of a dozen species of Campanula
In Australia, they are:
a climbing vine called Sollya heterophylla (Pittosporaceae)
In S. Africa or New Zealand, they are:
any one of 200 species of Wahlenbergia species (Campanulaceae)
Utah Flora
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Introduction to Scientific Names
Common Names
Common names are fine in the right place, but are never much use
internationally, or even between states in the U.S.
For example:
Brassica tournefortii, a weedy mustard of deserts in S. Utah, is native to
the Mediterranean region of Europe
A Utah Flora common name for this plant is “witch-wand”
The rest of the U.S., Europe, and Africa call it:
“Tournefort’s mustard” or “African mustard”
Utah Flora
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Introduction to Scientific Names
Common Names
A Google search of “witch-wand” and “plant” comes up with:
a common name for a cultivar of Iris
a common name for branches of Salix (willow) trees
Many common names in A Utah Flora are only used locally in Northern
Utah, some were created and used solely by botanists at BYU.
No one outside of Utah will know what plant you are talking about if you use
this common name.
For these reasons, primarily, I will not be using common names.
Also, common names from a Utah Flora or the Great Basin Wildflowers
will not be acceptable for tests
Utah Flora
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Introduction to Scientific Names
The Format of Scientific Names
•Binomial scientific names (i.e. a name with a genus and a species) were
created for all living organisms to assist in the communication between
scientists across the world and with scientists centuries from now
•Every scientific name can be traced back to a single specimen that
represents the “species” as described by the person who first discovered it
•Scientists use these “type specimens” to compare with newly
discovered plant species and to determine if they are species new to
science
•Scientific names were NOT created to stabilize the application of names
•This is a very common, false assumption
•A species that remains unchanged, name-wise, for a decade or
more in plants is rare
•The history of scientific names is one in which “change” is always occurring
Utah Flora
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Introduction to Scientific Names
Scientific Names
•Any scientist can, if they choose, take any plant population and name it a
new species, if they follow the format used by all scientists.
•Scientists during later studies (sometimes 20-50 years after it was named),
will evaluate all these names applied to a particular species and determine
whether or not each name is a new species, or whether it a duplicate
of the same species (called a synonym)
•Synonyms are names in brackets under the genus and species in
A Utah Flora
•Other scientists will look at the same specimens and arrange the species
based on different characteristics and publish another paper with different
species than the first
Utah Flora
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Introduction to Scientific Names
Scientific Names
•Sometimes these alternate arrangements are based on an entirely different
opinions, which are in conflict with the first’s
•Sometimes these alternate arrangements are based on new scientific
information that was not available to the first
•The species name used in A Utah Flora is only one of two or three
currently used species arrangements in use in the United States.
•Each are valid arrangements
•Scientists are currently using new methods to test each of these
species arrangements to find out which better reflects the evolution of
plants in North America
Utah Flora
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Introduction to Scientific Names
The Format of Scientific Names
•The first letter of the genus name is always upper case
•The first letter of the specific epithet (and subsp. or varietal epithet) is
always lower case
•Latin genus and species names should always be italicized
•Latin family names are not italicized
•The author is not italicized
Astragalus utahensis (Torrey) Torrey & Gray
Utah Flora
Gymnosperms
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Non-flowering, seed bearing vascular plants
(no corollas or calyx or ovary wall)
Seeds & pollen are borne directly on a fleshy or woody bracts
Some species have male and female cones on different plants
(dioecous)
Others on different branches of the same plant
(monoecious)
Cones – a cluster of seed-bearing or pollen bearing bracts along a
central axis
Strobilus – an alternate term for cone
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Gymnosperms
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Major Divisions
Cycadophyta – cycads or fern-like trees with cones
(tropical, native only in Florida in U.S.)
Pinophyta – pines, junipers, yews, and redwoods
Ginkgophyta – ginkgo tree
Gnetophyta – tropical llanas (woody vines),
Welwitschia, and Mormon or Indian tea
Utah Flora
Pinophyta
Cupressaceae
Worldwide
Utah
(Native or Introduced)
15 genera
1 genus
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140 species
4 species
The other 4 genera and a dozen species are cultivated plants
that do not persist due to the lack of viable seed
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Pinophyta
Cupressaceae
Juniperus osteosperma
•Common juniper across all of the
southern Great Basin
•Monoecious, male and female cones
on same plant
•Scale-like leaves on thick branchlets
(over 1 mm in diameter)
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Utah Flora
Pinophyta
Cupressaceae
Juniperus scopulorum
The higher elevation, montane juniper
•Monoecious, male and female cones
on same plant
•Scale-like leaves on thin branchlets
(less than 1 mm in diameter)
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Utah Flora
Pinophyta
Cupressaceae
Juniperus communis
•montane to alpine, shrubby juniper
•Monoecious, male and female cones
on same plant
•Needle-like leaves in whorls of 3
•Juniper “berries” are cones with 1-3,
fleshy, fused scales
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Utah Flora
Pinophyta
Pinaceae
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10 genera
150 species
4 genera
11 species
Worldwide
Utah (Native or Introduced)
•Trees with needle-like leaves
•Leaves in fascicles (groups) of 1 to 5
•Cones with woody, not fleshy scales
•Pinus, Abies, Picea, and Pseudotsudga are the genera
in Utah
Utah Flora
Pinophyta
Pinaceae
Pinus monophylla
•The pinion pine of western Utah
•Monoecious, male cones and female
cones on same plant
•Needle-like leaves single, rarely in
fascicles of 2
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Utah Flora
Pinophyta
Pinaceae
Pinus edulis
•The pinion pine of eastern Utah
•forms hybrids with P. monophylla
•Monoecious, male and female cones
on same plant
•Needle-like leaves in fascicles of 2 -3
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Utah Flora
Pinophyta
Pinaceae
Pinus flexilis
•A common alpine tree
•female cone scales with large,
terminal, unarmed umbos
•Monoecious, male and
female cones on
same plant
•Needle-like leaves in
fascicles of 5
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Utah Flora
Pinophyta
Pinaceae
Pseudotsuga menziesii
•A common montane tree
•female cone scales flattened,
with 3-lobed, exserted bracts
•Monoecious, male and
female cones on same plant
•Needle-like leaves single, flattened
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Utah Flora
Ginkgophyta
Ginkgoaceae
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Worldwide
1 genus
1 species
Utah
1 genus
1 species
(Cultivated)
A common street tree in the northern tier of states in the U.S.
Utah Flora
Ginkgophyta
Ginkgoaceae
Ginkgo biloba
•Native to China, cultivated in
Utah (a few on campus)
•Probably extinct in wild due to
overharvesting of lumber
•female cone scales fleshy
•Dioecious, male and female
cones on separate trees
•fan-shaped leaves
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Utah Flora
Gnetophyta
Ephedraceae
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Worldwide
1 genus
40 species
Utah
1 genus
5 species
(Native)
Ephedra is the source of the drug ephedrine, a vascular constrictor
Ephedrine is found only in Ephedra from China
Pseudoephedrine is found in the North American species
and is much less concetrated
Utah Flora
Gnetophyta
Ephedraceae
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Ephedra nevadensis
•Common desert Ephedra of S. Utah
•Dioecious
Sepals
•Branches divergent, grayish
•Scale-like leaves 2 per node, opposite
•Nodes whitish to grayish
•Often rhizomatous and clonal
Utah Flora
Gnetophyta
Ephedraceae
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Ephedra viridis var. viridis
•Common montane Ephedra
•Branches upright (broom-like), greenish
•Dioecious
•Scale-like leaves 2 per node, opposite
•Nodes blackish
Sepals
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Gnetophyta
Ephedraceae
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Ephedra cutleri
Ephedra viridis var. viscida
•restricted to sand dunes in E. Utah
•Dioecious
•Branches upright, greenish-yellow
•Stems covered in a sticky resin (viscid)
often with sand grains stuck to the stem
•Scale-like leaves 2 per node, opposite
•Nodes grayish to blackish
Sepals
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Gnetophyta
Ephedraceae
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Ephedra torreyana
•common sandy soil, desert species
in central and S. Utah
•Dioecious
•Female cones with broad scarious scales
(thin, dry and membraneous)
•Branches divergent, grayish
•Scale-like leaves 3 per node, whorled
Sepals
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Gnetophyta
Welwitschiaceae
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Worldwide
1 genus
1 species
Utah
1 genus
1 species
(Cultivated)
Can only be grown under professional cultivation in U.S. Due to its
long-life and the need for a 8-9 foot high tubular pot, it is only found
at University greenhouses in the United States. Specimens are also
very expensive to purchase, which makes them out of the price range
for sale at commercial nurseries
Utah Flora
Gnetophyta
Welwitschiaceae
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Welwitschia mirabilis
•Restricted to the Namib Desert in Africa
Sepals
Images Copyright © 2008 by Fabian A. Michelangeli
Utah Flora
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Assignment
•Draw and label species provided in lab
•Make sure to label those morphological features that helped
you identify the sample (i.e. needles in 1,2,3,5’s, cones fleshy,
etc)
•Identify & label all samples to family and genus
•Use A Utah Flora to identify & label all samples to species
(other than the ones we determined in class together)