Transcript No Slide Title

Class Overview
• Pesticide Toxicity
• Pesticide Poisoning
• First Aid
• Labels
• Formulations
• Federal Laws
• Weeds
• Insects
• Diseases
• Environment
Pesticide Toxicity
Lethal Dose 50%
• The amount of pesticide it takes to kill 50%
of a group of test animals.
• Express in milligrams of material versus
kilograms of body weight
• Routes of entry:
Oral Entry = by Mouth
Dermal Entry = Skin Absorption
Inhalation = Breathing Vapors
Pesticide Toxicity
Signal Words
Oral LD 50%
0 - 50
Signal Word(s)
Danger/Poison
Dermal LD50%
0 - 200
50 - 500
Warning
200 - 2000
500 - 5,000
Caution
2,000 - 20,000
over - 5,000
Keep Out of the
over - 20,000
Reach of Children
Pesticide Toxicity
Probable Dose:
Oral LD 50%
Amount of Active Ingredient
0 - 50
a few drops - 1 teaspoon
50 - 500
1 teaspoon - 1 ounce
500 - 5,000
1 ounce - 1 pint
over - 5,000
1 pint plus
Pesticide Toxicity
Actual Risks Related to Everyday Activities
Activity
Smoking
Alcoholic Beverages
Motor Vehicles
Handguns
Home Appliances
Power Mowers
Pesticides
Number of Deaths
150,000
100,000
50,000
17,000
200
24
0
Pesticide Toxicity
Typical LD50% amounts for Comparison
Common Name
Yellow Jacket
Nicotine
Caffeine
2, 4-D
Aspirin
Dicamba/Banvel
Glyphosate/Roundup
LD50% in Mg./Kg.
3.8
53
192
600
1,240
2,900
4,320
Pesticide Poisoning
Signs and Symptoms
• Organophosphorus
Pesticides in this group attack a chemical in the blood,
CHOLINESTERASE, that is necessary for proper
nerve functioning.
• Constant muscle twitching
• Pinpoint pupils
• Watery eyes
• Drooling
• Dizziness
• Excessive sweating
• Rapid heartbeat
• Vomiting
• Stomach cramps
• Diarrhea
Pesticide Poisoning
Signs and Symptoms
• Organophosphorus
Severe Symptoms
• Difficult breathing
• Loss of muscle control
• Unconsciousness
• Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
The signs and symptoms are the same as for the
Organophosphates but less severe
Pesticide Poisoning
Other Chemical Groups
• Carbamates
• Nitrophenol
• Arsenic
• Mercury
• Botanical - such as Nicotine, & Pyrethrum
• Methyl Bromide
• Chloropicrin - often mixed with other products as
as a warning agent.
First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning
• The main goal is to remove
the person from further
exposure to the poison.
• Send someone for emergency
help and administer first aid.
• Try to find out what the poison
is! The Label is best but a small
sample of the poison would also
work.
First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning
• Swallowed Poison
Cause the patient to vomit
unless one of the following
conditions exist;
• Unconscience
• Convulsive
• Petroleum Product
• Corrosive Product
First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning
• Universal Antidote
2 parts activated charcoal
1 part magnesium oxide
1 part tannic acid
• Homemade antidote
Burnt black toast
Milk of magnesia
Strong tea
First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning
• Poison on the Skin
Wash the surface of
the skin thoroughly
• Poison in the eye
Wash with a gentle
stream of clean water.
It is important that
you do not use any
chemicals in the eye.
First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning
• General provisions - if you are alone
1. Stop mechanized equipment immediately if able.
2. Leave the contaminated area.
3. Decontaminate yourself and clothing, if necessary.
4. Seek medical assistance. Take along a container label or
MSDS to assist medical personnel with treatment.
MSDS = Material Safety Data Sheet. These are
required by law to be readily available at your work
site. These contain comprehensive information about
the pesticide you are using.
First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning
• General provisions - if you are alone with the victim
1. Make certain it is safe to enter the area first.
2. If the area is contaminated, equip yourself with PPE.
3. Stop any equipment that may be operating, if time permits.
4. Check to see if the victim is breathing and has a pulse..
If not, start CPR at once. “FIRST AID TRAINING”
5. Decontaminate the victim. (this may have to be done first)
6. Get medical treatment immediately. Take along or have
available a pesticide label or MSDS.
Workers Right to Know
• General provisions - under the guidelines of the Dept of L & I
1. Employees must have access to information on workplace
hazards.
MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheets
Pesticide Labels
2. Employees must receive training in areas and products
potential hazards
3. All businesses over a certain number of employees must
have a functioning safety committee
Workers Right to Know
• Pesticide Incident Reporting
1. PIRT - Pesticide Incident Reporting and Tracking
Review Panel
2. ODA - is the lead agency regarding any Pesticide
related problem
3. Other
Dept of L&I
Dept of Transportation
FDA
Pesticide Labels
I. Background
A. Time and Effort
D. EPA label review
1. Years of research
1. Use registration
2. 6 years minimum
B. Cost
1. Millions of dollars
C. Testing
1. Toxicological
2. Performance
3. Degradation, mobility, and residue
4. Effects on wildlife and environment
Pesticide Labels
II. Parts of the label
A. Trade, Brand, or Product names
1. Usually trademark protected
2. Must be plainly visible on the front of the panel
3. Can include the formulation
B. Ingredient Statement
1. Active ingredient by name and percentage
2. Inert ingredient(s) by percentage
3. Common and chemical name(s)
C. Use Classification Statement
1. Restricted use - statement
2. State may restrict the use of an unrestricted pesticide
Pesticide Labels
II. Parts of the label
D. Type of Pesticide
1. Short statement in general terms of control
E. Formulation Statement
1. If not listed separately, would be in directions for use
F. Net Contents
G. Name and address of the manufacturer
H. Registration Numbers
1. Can include special designations, such as special use
G. Establishment Numbers
1. Identifies the facility where the product was produced
Pesticide Labels
II. Parts of the label
H. Signal Words
1. Danger/Poison, Warning, Caution, and Keep out of …..
I. Precautionary Statements
1. Routes of entry - specific action statements
2. Protective clothing's and equipment statements
3. Other precautionary statements
J. Statement of Practical Treatment
1. First aid treatment - note to M.D. - possible antidote
K. Physical or Chemical Hazards
Pesticide Labels
II. Parts of the label
L. Reentry Statement
1. How much time must pass before workers can enter
2. Minimum reentry for others
3. Worker safety precautions
M. Storage and Disposal
1. General directions, specific directions may be
included elsewhere
N. Endangered Species Directions
Pesticide Labels
II. Parts of the label
O. Directions for Use
1. Controlled pests
2. Plant, crop, animal, or site the product is intended
to protect
3. Proper equipment
4. Rate of application and frequency
5. Compatibility
6. Phytotoxicity (injury to plants)
7. Where and when pesticide should be applied
8. Chemigation
Pesticide Formulations
I. Emulsifiable Concentrates
A. Liquid formulations with the active ingredient dissolved
in one or more petroleum products
1. Advantages
a. Easy to handle, transport, and store
b. Little agitation required
c. Non-abrasive to equipment
d. Little potential for plugging nozzles or screens
2. Disadvantages
a. High concentration of active ingredient
b. May have high Phytotoxicity
c. Solvents may cause wear of equipment
d. May be corrosive or flammable due to petroleum
product
Pesticide Formulations
II. Solutions
A. Water soluble active ingredient
1. Advantages and disadvantages vary greatly
III. Baits
A. Active ingredient mixed with an edible or attractant
substance
1. Advantages
a. Ready to use
b. Can be removed when control is no longer necessary
2. Disadvantages
a. may be attractive to children and/or pets
b. Wildlife may be affected
c. Higher cost
Pesticide Formulations
IV. Soluble Powders
A. Dry, powdered product which dissolves readily in water
with range of 20% - 80% active ingredient
1. Advantages
a. Reasonable cost
b. Easy to store, transport, and handle
c. Lower Phytotoxicity
d. Slower skin absorption rate
2. Disadvantages
a. Dust like consistency may have potential breathing
hazards
b. State may restrict use of unclassified pesticides
Pesticide Formulations
V. Wettable Powders
A. Dry, finely ground and does not dissolve in water with
a 20% - 80% active ingredient
1. Applied as a suspension
a. Requires constant agitation
b. Abrasive and can cause wear to nozzles and pump
c. Can cause clogging of nozzles
d. Leaves a residue
VI. Aerosols
A. Ready to use, easily stored, high cost, and hard to
contain spray
Pesticide Formulations
VII. Flowables
A. Similar to wettable powders but suspension is more easily
accomplished
1. High concentration of active ingredient
a. Less clogging, less inhalation hazard
VIII. Water Dispersible Granules
A. Similar to wettable powders but suspension is more easily
accomplished
1. Easier to measure and mix
a. Less inhalation hazard
Pesticide Formulations
IX. Dusts
A. Low concentration of active ingredient mixed with an
inert carrier
1. Advantages
a. Easy to handle and apply
b. Generally ready to use
c. Effective where liquid formulations can cause
damage, especially to foliage
2. Disadvantages
a. High drift potential
b. Expensive
c. Can cause skin and/or breathing irritation
Pesticide Formulations
X. Granules and Pellets
A. Dry ready to use, often used for systemic control
1. Advantages
a. Ready to use and easy to apply
b. Low drift hazard
c. Inexpensive application equipment
2. Disadvantages
a. More expensive than many formulations
b. Does not stick well to foliage
c. May require moisture to activate
Pesticide Formulations
XI. Fumigants
A. Active as gasses
Pesticide Mixtures
I. Control a variety of pests in one application
A. Must be compatible
B. Synergism
Adjuvants
I. Chemicals added to a pesticide formulation to improve
it’s performance
A. Label should contain any warnings about restrictions
of adjuvant use
B. Labeled as a pesticide in the state of Washington
Federal Pesticide Laws
I. FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act
A. First enacted in 1947; amended in 1972, 1975, and 1978
B. Grants authority to the EPA to:
1. Regulate movement, sale, and use of all pesticides
distributed in the US
2. Seize pesticide product and devices at any point of
their distribution and/or use
Federal Pesticide Laws
I. FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act
C. FIFRA requirements
1. Pesticide laws enacted by individual states must
conform to Federal standards
2. Pesticide uses and recommendations comply with
the respective label
3. All pesticides must be classified according to their
potential hazards under those circumstances they
are to be used
Federal Pesticide Laws
I. FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act
C. FIFRA requirements - con’t
3. All pesticides must be classified according to their
potential hazards under those circumstances they
are to be used
a. Two classifications, general use and restricted use
b. General use; lower toxicity, less potential hazard to
humans and the environment, and they can be
bought and used by the general public
c. Restricted use; sold only to licensed applicators
d. A pesticide may be listed in both categories,
depending on the formulation, application method,
and intended use
Federal Pesticide Laws
I. FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act
C. FIFRA requirements - con’t
4. Certification programs are approved by the EPA
and administered by states. In WA state, the WSDA
takes care of implementing and administering
programs
I. Introduction to Weed Control
A. Definition: A weed is a plant out of place
1. A hazard
2. Nuisance
3. Causes injury
4. Out of place
B. Competes with desirable plants for available
resources
1. Light
2. Water
3. Nutrients
I. Introduction to Weed Control
C. Best defense is a good offense
1. Healthy vigorous stand of desirable
vegetation, plants, or turf
D. Integrated Pest Management
1. Prevention
2. Mechanical control
3. Cultural control
4. Chemical control
I. Introduction to Weed Control
E. IPM Plan
1. Identify the weed
2. Learn about the weed
3. Why is the weed successful
4. Evaluate other options besides chemical
control
5. Cost effectiveness
6. Evaluate the effects of chosen control(s)
on the environment
7. Implement the plan
8. Document the results
II. Basic Weed Science
A. Origin of weeds
1. Native
a. Plants with historic origins
b. Usually held in check by other plants or
the environment
c. Rarely become a major problem
2. Introduced
a. Brought in from other parts of the world
b. The checks and balances are not brought
in with them
c. Most weed problems are introduced
II. Basic Weed Science
A. Origin of weeds – con’t
3. Escaped
a. Weeds have spread beyond their
intended areas
B. How weeds spread
1. Carried from one place to another
a. Wind
b. Water
c. Mammals, birds, and humans
II. Basic Weed Science
C. Weed establishment and persistence
1. Established in disturbed soils and
unhealthy areas
2. Weeds don’t compete well in healthy areas
3. Large numbers of weed seeds produced
4. Seed viability
II. Basic Weed Science
D. Weed classification and life cycles
1. Accurate identification
2. Structural characteristics
a. Monocotyledons (grasses and sedges)
seedlings have one seed leaf, leaves are
narrow and upright, and sedges have
triangular stems rather than round or
oval
b. Dicotyledons – seedlings have two seed
leaves and coarse root system with a
taproot
II. Basic Weed Science
D. Weed classification and life cycles – con’t
3. Life cycles
a. Annual plants – life cycle of less than
one year – summer & winter annuals
b. Biennials
First year – primary leaves and root
system
Second year – flowers, matures, and
dies – no grasses or sedges
Easiest to control in the first year
II. Basic Weed Science
D. Weed classification and life cycles – con’t
3. Life cycles
c. Perennials – life cycle of two or more
years
Classified by how they spread(simple
or creeping)
Most difficult to control as agroup
d. Herbicides only need to kill the shoots
of annuals and biennials, but must
move to the roots to control perennials
III. Herbicide Basics
A. Classification by:
1. Application
a. To plant foliage
b. To the soil
2. Action
a. Contact
b. Translocated
c. Seedling inhibitor
III. Herbicide Basics
A. Classification by:
3. Contact herbicides – foliar applied
a. Applied to growing plants
b. Do not move throughout the plant
c. Kill only the plant parts they contact
d. Require uniform spray coverage
4. Translocated herbicides (foliar applied)
a. Systemic action – absorbed through the
foliage and then moves throughout the
plant. Glyphosate – Roundup takes
several days to see the effects
III. Herbicide Basics
A. Classification by:
5. Seedling inhibitors - soil applied
a. Applied to the surface and incorporated
into the root zone
b. Usually have good residual activity
c. May have little effect on foliage
B. Selectivity
1. Selective herbicides - control of weeds
with little or no damage to desirable plants
III. Herbicide Basics
B. Selectivity – con’t
2. Non-selective herbicide – kills or controls
almost all plants
3. Selectivity – plant factors
a. Structure – leaf angle, leaf size,
hairiness, and thickness of the wax and
cuticle
b. Physiology – metabolism, detoxification,
and how it interferes with vital plant
growth processes
III. Herbicide Basics
B. Selectivity – con’t
4. Selectivity – chemical & application factors
a. Application rate – selectivity can depend
on the application rate
b. Formulation – granular versus spray
c. Application timing – growth stage of the
plant; preplant, pre emergence, or post
emergence
III. Herbicide Basics
B. Selectivity – con’t
5. Modes of action
a. Growth regulators
b. Amino acid synthesis inhibitors
c.
d.
e.
f.
Lipid inhibitors
Seedling growth inhibitors
Photosynthesis inhibitors
Cell membrane inhibitors
III. Herbicide Basics
B. Selectivity – con’t
6. Environmental influences
a. Soil – adsorption & absorption
b. Soil Texture
c. Climate
Temperature
Precipitation
Humidity
Wind
III. Herbicide Basics
B. Selectivity – con’t
7. Growth stage – including; seedling,
vegetative, flowering, & maturity
a. Annual plants
Seedling best – 100%
Vegetative (usually requires more
herbicide – 75%
Flowering – may stop seed production
- 40%
Maturity – not practical – 0%
III. Herbicide Basics
B. Selectivity – con’t
7. Growth stage – including; seedling,
vegetative, flowering, & maturity
b. Biennial plants
Seedling best – 100%
Rosette – 75%
III. Herbicide Basics
B. Selectivity – con’t
7. Growth stage – including; seedling,
vegetative, flowering, & maturity
c. Perennial plants
Seedling best – 100%
Vegetative – 30%
Bud stage – 100%
Early flowering – 90%
Full flower – 75%
Maturity – 10%
Fall regrowth – 100%
III. Herbicide Basics
C. Herbicide Tolerance and Resistant Weeds
1. Difference between tolerance and
resistance
2. Herbicide susceptible
3. Other methods of weed control
4. Rotation of herbicide chemical families
5. Avoid higher rates
6. Thoroughness of applications
7. Herbicide combinations
a. Compatibility
b. Dosages within same chemical families
Walla Walla Community College
500 Tausick Way
Walla Walla, WA. 99362-9267
Bill Griffith
Instructor - Turf Management
Bus: (509) 527-4269
Res: (509) 525-5521
Fax: (509) 527-4572
e-mail: [email protected]