Transcript Biomes - Eagle Mountain

Fig. 6.1, p. 120
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Biogeography: Climate, Biomes, and Terrestrial
Biodiversity
Brian Kaestner
Saint Mary’s Hall
Thanks to Miller and Clements
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Key Concepts
 Factors influencing weather
 Factors influencing climate
 Effect of climate on distribution of biomes
 Characteristics of major biome types
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Weather and Climate: A Brief Introduction
Weather
Warm front
Prince Williams
Sound
Gulf of Alaska
Risk of Tornadoes
Cold front
Highest
High
Medium
Low
CANADA
UNITED STATES
Grand Banks
Hurricane Frequency
Weather
extremes
High
Moderately
high
MEXICO
Atlantic
Ocean
Fig.Slide
6.2, p.6 122
Temperature
Climate
Climate
is
Precipitation
the average weather patterns for an area
Over a long period of time
(30 - 1,000,000 years).
It is determined by
Uneven heating
Seasons
Earth’s rotation
Properties of air
and water
Average Precipitation
and
Average Temperature
which are influenced by
latitude
altitude
ocean currents
and affects
where people live
how people live
what they
grow and eat
Fig.Slide
6.3, p.7 123
Air Circulation
Cold, dry
air falls
Polar cap
Easterlies
(from the east)
Westerlies
(from the west)
60°N
Northeast
tradewinds
30°N
(Doldrums)
equator
30°S
60°S
Southeast
tradewinds
Westerlies
Cell 3 North
Moist air rises — rain
Temperate deciduous
forest and grassland
60°
Easterlies
Fig. 6.6b, p. 125
Deflections in the
paths of air flow
near the earth’s surface
Cool, dry
air falls
Tropical deciduous forest
30°
Desert
Cold,
dry air
falls
Cell 1 North
Moist
air rises,
cools, and
releases
moisture
as rain
Cell 1 South
Cool, dry
air falls
Cell 2 South
Polar cap
Initial pattern of
air circulation
Cell 2 North
Arctic tundra
Evergreen
60° coniferous forest
Temperate deciduous
forest and grassland
Desert
30°
Tropical deciduous
forest
Tropical
0° Equator
rain forest
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 3 South
Fig. 6.8, p. 126
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LOW
PRESSURE
HIGH
PRESSURE
Heat released
radiates to space
Cool, dry
air
Condensation
and
precipitation
Falls, is compressed, warms
Rises, expands, cools
Warm,
dry air
Flows toward low pressure,
picks up moisture and heat
Hot, wet
air
HIGH
Moist surface warmed by sun
LOW
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
Fig. 6.7, p. 125
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Cold
Cool Temperate
Warm Temperate
Tropical
(equator)
Tropical
Warm Temperate
Cool Temperate
Cold
Fig. 6.6a, p. 125
Climate type
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Short-Term Climate Changes: ENSO
Winds weaken,
causing updrafts
and storms
Drought in
Australia and
Southeast Asia
Surface winds
blow westward
EQUATOR
EQUATOR
AUSTRALIA
Warm waters
pushed westward
SOUTH
AMERICA
Warm water
Warm water
AUSTRALIA flow stopped
or reversed
Warm water
SOUTH
AMERICA
Warm water deepens
off South America
Thermocline
Thermocline
Cold water
Normal Conditions
Cold water
El Niño Conditions
Fig. 6.10, p. 127
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El Niño
Drought
Unusually high rainfall
Unusually warm periods
Fig. 6.11, p. 127
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Temperature/Change (°F)
+3
+2
1982–83
El Nino conditions
La Nina conditions
1997–98
+1
0
-1
-2
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Fig. 6.12, p. 128
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Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse gases
(a) Rays of sunlight penetrate
the lower atmosphere and
warm the earth's surface.
(b) The earth's surface absorbs much of (c) As concentrations of greenhouse
the incoming solar radiation and
gases rise, their molecules absorb
degrades it to longer-wavelength
and emit more infrared radiation,
infrared radiation (heat), which rises
which adds more heat to the
into the lower atmosphere. Some of
lower atmosphere.
this heat escapes into space and some
is absorbed by molecules of
greenhouse gases and emitted as
infrared radiation, which warms the
Fig. 6.13, p. 128
lower atmosphere.
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Rain Shadow Effect
Microclimates
a Winds carry
moisture inland
from Pacific Ocean
b Clouds, rain on
windward side of
mountain range
Moist habitats
c Rain shadow on
leeward side of
mountain range
4,000/75
3,000/85 2,000/25
1,800/125
1,000/25
1,000/85
15/25
Fig. 6.14, p. 129
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Biomes: Latitude and Altitude
Low
Alpine
Tundra
Elevation
Montane
Coniferous
Forest
Deciduous
Forest
High
Tropical
Forest
Tropical Forest
High
Temperate Deciduous
Forest
Northern Coniferous
Forest
Moisture Availability
Arctic Tundra
Low
Fig. 6.18, p. 133
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Polar (ice)
Warm temperate
Highland
Warm ocean current
Subarctic (snow)
Dry
Major upwelling zones
Cold ocean current
Cool temperate
Tropical
River
Fig. 6.4, p. 124
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Polar
Tundra
Subpolar
Temperate
Coniferous forest
Desert
Deciduous
forest
Grassland
Tropical
Chaparral
Desert
Savanna
Rain forest
Tropical
seasonal
forest
Scrubland
Fig. 6.17, p. 132
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Desert Biomes
Tropical deserts
Temperate deserts
Cold deserts
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Hot Desert
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North American Desert
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Red-tailed hawk
Producer
to primary
consumer
Gambel's
quail
Primary
to secondary
consumer
Yucca
Jack
rabbit
Agave
Collared
lizard
Prickly
pear
cactus
Secondary to
higher-level
consumer
All producers and
consumers to
decomposers
Roadrunner
Diamondback rattlesnake
Darkling
beetle
Bacteria
Fungi
Fig. 6.20, p. 134
Kangaroo rat
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Tropical desert
(Saudi Arabia)
Fig. 6.19a, p. 133
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Temperate desert
(Reno, Nevada)
Fig. 6.19b, p. 133
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Polar desert
(northwest China)
Fig. 6.19c, p. 133
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Grassland, Tundra, and Chaparral Biomes
Tropical grasslands
Temperate grasslands
Polar grasslands (Arctic tundra)
Permafrost
Alpine tundra
Chaparral
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Grasslands
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Tundra
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Savanna
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Golden eagle
Pronghorn antelope
Producer
to primary
consumer
Primary
to secondary
consumer
Coyote
Grasshopper
sparrow
Grasshopper
Secondary to
higher-level
consumer
All producers and
consumers to
decomposers
Blue stem
grass
Prairie
dog
Bacteria
Fungi
Prairie
coneflower
Fig. 6.23, p. 139
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Long-tailed jaeger
Grizzly bear
Producer to
primary
consumer
Caribou
Primary to
secondary
consumer
Mosquito
Snowy owl
Arctic
fox
Horned lark
Secondary to
higher-level
consumer
All consumers
and producers
to decomposers
Willow ptarmigan
Dwarf willow
Lemming
Mountain cranberry
Fig. 6.24, p. 140
Moss campion
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Tropical grassland (savanna)
(Harare, Zimbabwe)
Fig. 6.21a, p. 137
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Temperate grassland
(Lawrence, Kansas)
Fig. 6.21b, p. 137
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Polar grassland (arctic tundra)
(Fort Yukon, Alaska)
Fig. 6.21c, p. 137
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Cape buffalo
Wildebeest
Beisa oryx
Topi
Warthog
Thompson's
gazelle
Dry Grassland
Waterbuck
Grant's zebra
Moist Grassland
Fig. 6.22a, p. 138
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Fig. 6.25, p. 141
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Forest Biomes
 Tropical rainforest
 Tropical deciduous forest
 Temperate deciduous forest
 Evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest)
 Temperate rain forest
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Taiga
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Mediterranean scrub forest
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Rainforest
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Temperate Broadleaf Deciduous
Forest
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Harpy
eagle
Blue and
gold macaw
Ocelot
Producer
to primary
consumer
Primary
to secondary
consumer
Squirrel
monkeys
Climbing
monstera palm
Secondary to
higher-level
consumer
Katydid
Slaty-tailed
trogon
Green tree snake
Tree frog
All producers and
consumers to
decomposers
Ants
Bromeliad
Fungi
Fig. 6.27, p. 143
Bacteria
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Broad-winged
hawk
Producer
to primary
consumer
Hairy
woodpecker
Primary
to secondary
consumer
Gray
squirrel
White oak
White-footed
mouse
White-tailed
deer
Shagbark hickory
Metallic
wood-boring
beetle and
larvae
Mountain
winterberry
May beetle
Long-tailed
weasel
Fungi
Secondary to
higher-level
consumer
All producers and
consumers to
decomposers
Racer
Wood frog
Fig. 6.29, p. 146
Bacteria
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Blue jay
Great
horned
owl
Marten
Balsam fir
Moose
White
spruce
Producer
to primary
consumer
Primary
to secondary
consumer
Secondary to
higher-level
consumer
Wolf
Bebb
willow
Pine sawyer beetle
and larvae
All producers and
consumers to
decomposers
Snowshoe
hare
Fungi
Starflower
Bacteria
Bunchberry
Fig. 6.30, p. 147
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Tropical rain forest
(Manaus, Brazil)
Fig. 6.26a, p. 142
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Temperate deciduous forest
(Nashville, Tennessee)
Fig. 6.26b, p. 142
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Polar evergreen coniferous forest
(boreal forest, taiga)
(Moscow, Russia)
Fig. 6.26c, p. 142
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45
Harpy
eagle
40
35
Height (meters)
Emergent
layer
Toco
toucan
Canopy
30
25
20
Understory
Wooly
opossum
15
10
Brazilian
tapir
5
Black-crowned
antpitta
0
Shrub
layer
Ground
layer
Fig. 6.28, p. 144
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Giraffe
African elephant
Gerenuk
Black rhino
Dik-dik
East African
eland
Dry Thorn Scrub
Blue duiker
Greater
kudu
Bushbuck
Riverine Forest
Fig. 6.22b, p. 138
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Fig. 6.31, p. 148
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Mountain Biomes
Mimic latitude
Snow line
Islands of biodiversity
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Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)
Desert
Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous
forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)
Tropical rain forest,
tropical evergreen forest
Semidesert,
arid grassland
Mountains
(complex zonation)
Temperate deciduous forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Ice
Temperate grassland
Tropical scrub forest
Dry woodlands and
shrublands (chaparral)
Tropical savanna,
thorn forest
Fig. 6.16, p. 131
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