Transcript 2.4.2 Biomes

2.4.1-.2 Biomes
BIOME is the collection of ecosystems
sharing similar climatic conditions.
Uneven Solar Heating and Latitude
Earth as a whole is in thermal equilibrium, but different latitudes are not.
Moving masses of air and ocean currents transport energy from
locations with a surplus to those with a deficit.
Cell 3 North
Cold,
dry air
falls
Model of global air
circulation and
biomes.
The direction of air
flow and the ascent
and descent of air
masses in
convection cells
determine the
earth’s climatic
zones.
Moist air rises — rain
Polar cap
Arctic tundra
Evergreen
coniferous forest
60°
Temperate deciduous
forest and grassland
Desert
30°
Cell 2 North
Cool, dry
air falls
Cell 1 North
Moist
air rises,
cools, and
releases
moisture
as rain
Tropical deciduous forest
0°
Equator
Tropical
rain forest
Tropical deciduous forest
30°
60°
Desert
Temperate deciduous
forest and grassland
Cell 1 South
Cool, dry
air falls
Cell 2 South
Polar cap
Cold,
dry air
falls
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 3 South
Generalized effects of altitude and latitude on climate and biomes.
Parallel changes in vegetation occur when moving from the
Equator to the poles or from the lowlands to mountaintops.
Altitude
Mountain
Ice and snow
Tundra (herbs,
lichens,
mosses)
Coniferous
Forest
Latitude
Deciduous
Forest
Tropical
Forest
Tropical
Forest
Deciduous
Forest
Coniferous
Forest
Tundra (herbs,
lichens, mosses)
Polar ice
and snow
DESERT BIOMES
Polar desert
(northwest China)
Tropical desert
(Saudi Arabia)
GRASSLAND BIOMES
Polar grassland (arctic tundra)
(Fort Yukon, Alaska)
Tropical grassland (savanna)
(Harare, Zimbabwe)
FOREST BIOMES
Tropical rain forest
(Manaus, Brazil)
Temperate deciduous forest
(Nashville, Tennessee)
AQUATIC BIOMES
Ocean
Coral reefs
Lakes
Mangroves
Rivers
Sun
Sea level
50
Euphotic Zone
Estuarine
Zone
100
Continental
shelf
Photosynthesis
0
200
500
Bathyal Zone
1,000
Twilight
Coastal Zone Open Sea
Depth in
meters
1,500
Abyssal Zone
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
Darkness
High tide
Low tide
DIVERSITY is a generic term for heterogeneity. If may refer to:
1. Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics of a specific
species.
2. Habitat diversity is the diversity of habitats in a given unit area.
3. Species diversity
a. Species richness – total number of species.
b. Species evenness – relative abundance of each species.
c. Species dominance – the most abundant species.
Figure a
and b have
the same
species
richness,
but
different
species
evenness.
Changes in the distribution of animals with
elevation on a typical mountain in Kenya.
Change in the relative abundance of a species
over an area or a distance is referred to as an
ecological gradient.