Transcript Fields of Science - Herrin High School

Meteorology
Chapter 17
Chapter 17.1 While you read
1. Volcanic eruptions  lowered temperature
2. Volcanic eruptions  released gases to form
atmosphere.
3. Increasing altitude  lowers water-vapor
concentration.
4. Atmospheric recycling  atmosphere’s
composition remains stable.
5. Fossil fuel burning  increasing CO2 in
atmosphere.
Chapter 17.1 After you read
1. The atmosphere includes about 78%
nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, and
less than .5% carbon dioxide. It also
contains tiny particles of rock, dirt,
pollen, salt crystals, and soot from
burning fossil fuels.
Chapter 17.1 After you read
2. It stays stable because substances
such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
water move out of the system at the
same rate at which they enter the
system; photosynthesis,
decomposition of organic materials,
evaporation, precipitation, and
respiration.
Chapter 17.2 While you read
1.Troposphere: up to 16 km; sun’s
radiation absorbed by Earth’s surface
creates heat; altitude leads to
decreases in temperatures.
Chapter 17.2 While you read
2. Stratosphere: 19-50 km; ozone
absorbs ultraviolet rays, leads to
increases in temperature.
Chapter 17.2 While you read
3.Mesosphere: 50-90 km; decreased
ozone leads to cold temperatures;
altitude leads to decreases.
Chapter 17.2 While you read
4. Thermosphere: up to 90 + km; thin
atmosphere absorbs a lot of radiation,
leading to very high temperatures
(1000ºC).
Chapter 17.2 After you read
• Radiation: Ultraviolet rays cause the transfer
of heat from the sun to your skin.
• Conduction: A fire’s warmth spreading to your
body comes from conduction of heat from the
fire to the air and then from the air to your
body.
• Convection: When a building’s convection
has made the hot air rise and cool air fall.
Chapter 17.2 After you read
2. When Earth’s heat budget is balanced,
its temperature remains relatively
constant. If the budget becomes
unbalanced, Earth’s average
temperatures would rise or fall
depending on the direction of the
imbalance. The greenhouse effect
captures solar radiation the would
otherwise disperse back into space.
Chapter 17.3
Insolation –
from
The radiation received
the sun.
Isotherms –
Lines that connect places
with the same
temperature.
Chapter 17.3 While you read
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Time of day
Time of year
Latitude
Cloud cover
Land
Water
Chapter 17.3 After you read
• Time of day affects the angle of the sun’s
rays, with the most direct rays falling at noon
and building heat into the afternoon.
• Latitude affects the angle of the sun’s rays by
placing some parts of Earth closer to the sun
than others.
• Time of year affects how close Earth is to the
sun, again affecting the angle of the sun’s
rays.
Chapter 17.3 After you read
• Cloud cover reflects insolation back into
space, decreasing the temperature on
Earth. Because land and water absorb
and utilize heat energy at different rates,
parts of the Earth will heat up or cool
down at different rates.
Chapter 17.4 While you read
•
•
•
•
Acid Rain  destruction of monuments
Ozone depletion  death of marine life.
Global warming  rising sea level.
Smog  reduced crop yields.
Chapter 17.4
• Key vocabulary:
• Air pollutant – any airborne gas particle that
occurs at a concentration capable of harming
humans or the environment.
• Temperature inversion – An increase in
temperature with an increase in altitude;
occurs when a layer of cold air is trapped
beneath a layer of warm air.
Acid Rain leads to destruction
of monuments.
Ozone depletion leads to
illness in humans and death of
marine phytoplankton
Global warming may cause
rising sea levels.
Smog results in reduced crop
yields.