Transcript temperature - MrsFarrell AP Environmental Science

17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
 Weather is constantly changing, refers to the state
of the atmosphere at any given time and place.
 Climate is based on weather that has been
collected over many years.
Composition of Clean, Dry Air
Air is a mixture of different gases and particles,
each with its own physical properties.
Mostly Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%)!
17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Composition of the Atmosphere
• Water vapor is the source of all clouds and
precipitation. (rain and snow)
*absorbs heat given off by Earth and
absorbs some solar energy.
• Ozone is a form of oxygen that combines three
oxygen atoms into each molecule (O3).
• JUST READ! If ozone did not filter most UV radiation and all
of the sun’s UV rays reached the surface of Earth, our planet
would be uninhabitable for many living organisms.
The Ozone Layer
• Ozone: the layer of O3 particles that is located in the upper
portion of the stratosphere
http://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/574741.htm
• Ozone shields us from solar radiation.
Just Read!
A NASA instrument has detected an Antarctic ozone
"hole" (what scientists call an "ozone depletion
area") that is three times larger than the entire land
mass of the United States—the largest such area
ever observed.
Primary Pollutants
• Emissions from transportation vehicles (us)
account for nearly half the pollutants.
Clickers
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Clicker Review…
1.
What is a description of atmospheric conditions over a
long period of time?
A. Climate
B. Weather
C. Meteorology
D. Precipitation
2. What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
A. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Nitrogen
D. Hydrogen
17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Height and Structure of the Atmosphere
 The atmosphere rapidly thins as you travel
away from Earth
• Atmospheric pressure is simply the weight of the
air above. Gets less as you move up in altitude
Atmospheric Pressure vs. Altitude
Clicker Review …
3. As altitude increases,
atmospheric pressure
____________.
A. Increases
B. Decreases
17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Height and Structure of the Atmosphere
• The atmosphere
can be divided
vertically into four
layers based on
temperature. –
TSMT
T = Troposphere
S = Stratosphere
M = Mesosphere
T = Thermosphere
Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere
• The troposphere is the first layer
*Closest layer to Earth
*Nearly all weather occurs here
*Most dense of the layers
*Temp. decreases with an increase in altitude
(gets colder as you go up) 
• The stratosphere is the second layer
• Ozone Layer
• Extends to altitude of 50 km
• Temperature increases with altitude, -55º C to 0º C
17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
• The mesosphere is the third layer
*decreasing temperatures with height.
• The thermosphere is the fourth layer
*Increasing temperatures due to the absorption of
the sun's shortwave UV radiation.
*Northern and Southern lights
(known as the Auroras)
Clicker Review continued…
3. The atmosphere can be divided vertically into four layers
based on ___________.
A. Size
B. Types of weather
C. Gases
D. Temperature
4. Put the layers of the atmosphere is the correct order starting
from earth…
A. Mesosphere
B. Thermosphere
C. Troposphere
D. Stratosphere
Clicker Review continued…
5. The form of Oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each
molecule and shields us from the suns UV radiation is called
____________.
A. Argon
B. Thermopause
C. Chloroflurocarbon
D. Ozone
6. In which TWO layers does the temperature INCREASE as
altitude increases?
A. Troposphere
B. Stratosphere
C. Mesosphere
D. Thermosphere
Layers of atmosphere…
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
Energy Transfer as Heat
 Heat is the energy transferred from one
object to another because of a difference in
temperature.
 Temperature is a measure of the average
kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in
a substance.
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
Energy Transfer as Heat
 Three mechanisms of energy transfer as heat are conduction,
convection, and radiation.
• Conduction is the transfer of heat through
matter by molecular activity.
• Convection is the transfer of heat by mass
movement or circulation within a substance.
• Radiation is the transfer of energy through
space by waves that travel out in all directions –
can travel through space (vacuum)
Energy Transfer as Heat
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The longest wavelengths are radio waves
The shortest wavelengths are Gamma rays
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
What Happens to Solar Radiation?
 When radiation strikes an object:
1. Some energy is absorbed by the object.
2. Radiation is transmitted through water and air
(just passes through)
3. Some radiation may bounce off the object without
being absorbed or transmitted.
1 of these 3 things will happen to the
sun’s energy!!!
Solar Radiation
Suns Energy:
30% is reflected back into space
50% is absorbed by Earth’s surface
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
• Absorption occurs when earth’s surface and
clouds hold in the suns energy
(darker objects absorb more energy than lighter objects)
• Reflection occurs when light bounces off an
object with the same intensity.
• Scattering produces a larger number of weaker
rays that travel in different directions.
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
• The greenhouse
effect is the heating
of Earth’s surface
and atmosphere
from solar radiation
being absorbed by
the atmosphere
Seasons are cause by changes in Earth’s
position relative to the Sun as Earth
travels along its orbit around the Sun.
It is clicker time!
• Make sure you have YOUR clicker
• Turn it on
• Listen for your directions…
17.3 Temperature Controls
Why Temperatures Vary
 Land and Water
• Land heats and cools quicker and to higher and lower
temperatures than water.
• Water heats and cools slower than land
*Summary- land has greater temperature changes at a faster
rate than water!
This is why the southern hemisphere
(which has more water) has lower
temperature ranges than the northern
hemisphere
17.3 Temperature Controls
 Geographic Position
• The geographic setting can greatly influence
temperatures experienced at a specific location.
Windward:
Leeward:
wind blows
from ocean to
the shore, small
change in temp
wind blows
from the land
to the ocean, so
greater temp
change
Near large body of water
vs.
landlocked
Vancouver is near the
water
Winnipeg is on land
Winnipeg
experiences greater
changes in
temperature b/c it is
landlocked
Latitude (North/South)
• Lower latitudes (closer to the equator):
– have smaller temperature ranges
– Have higher overall temperatures
• Higher latitudes (closer to the poles):
– have larger temperature ranges
– have lower overall temperatures
The episode is called "World Biomes: An Introduction to Climate"
Viewed at: http://blip.tv/untamed-science/world-biomes-anintroduction-to-climate-5778978
*Freeze – play until advertisement is finished…
Clicker Review…
1.
What heats quicker and to higher temperatures?
A. land
B. water
2. What cools quicker and to lower temperatures?
A. land
B. water
3. If you live on a Leeward coast it means…
A. wind blows from ocean to the shore, small change in temp
B. wind blows from the land to the ocean, so greater temp change
Clicker Review…
4. Which city would have a higher temperature?
A. a
C. c
B. b
D. d
2. Which hemisphere would have a lower temperature range ?
A. Northern
B. Southern
17.3 Temperature Controls
Why Temperatures Vary
 Altitude
• The altitude can greatly influence temperatures
experienced at a specific location.
JUST READ:
Quito is at a greater
altitude in the
mountains, so has
cooler temperatures.
17.3 Temperature Controls
Why Temperatures Vary
 Cloud Cover and Albedo
• Albedo is the fraction of total radiation that is reflected by
any surface.
• Many clouds have a high albedo and reflect back a
portion of the sunlight that strikes them.
Day-reflect away sun
Night-trap heat from earth
Clicker Review…
1.
If two cities were located in California in the same area, City Y
was located at the top of a mountain and City Z was located at the
bottom of the mountain, which city would be at a higher altitude?
A. City Y
B. City Z
2.
If two cities were located in California in the same area, City Y
was located at the top of a mountain and City Z was located at the
bottom of the mountain, which city would be warmer?
A. City Y
B. City Z
3. Clouds have a _________________ albedo.
A. Low
B. High
Clicker Review…
1.
Would it be (warmer or cooler) on a cloudy night?
A. warmer
B. cooler
Do you remember?
2. If you live on a Windward coast it means…
A. wind blows from ocean to the shore
B. wind blows from the land to the ocean
3. Which coastal city would have a GREATER temperature change?
A. Windward
B. Leeward