Transcript HH-Ecology - Lincoln Park High School

BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 34
The Biosphere: An Introduction to
Earth's Diverse Environments
Modules 34.1 – 34.6
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
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A Mysterious Giant of the Deep
• Ecology is the scientific study of the
interactions of organisms with their
environment
• The ocean is Earth’s largest and least explored
ecosystem
• Recent explorations
of the deep sea have
brought previously
unknown species to
light, such as this
“mystery squid”
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• Deep-sea submersibles like Alvin allow the
exploration of the deep sea
– It can accommodate a pilot and two other
people
– It is equipped
with instruments
to view and
sample the
ocean at depths
of up to 2,500m
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• Scientists have found
seafloor life whose
ultimate energy source
is not sunlight, but
energy that comes from
the interior of the planet
– This energy is
emitted from
hydrothermal vents
near the edges of
Earth’s crustal
plates
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• Many animals thrive
in the extreme
environment around
hydrothermal vents
– Tube worms were
unknown to science
until hydrothermal
vents were explored
– They live on energy
extracted from
chemicals by
bacteria
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34.1 Ecologists study how organisms interact with
their environment at several levels
• Ecologists study environmental interactions at
the organism, population, community, and
ecosystem levels
– These clams
that live near
an ocean vent
constitute a
population
Figure 34.1
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• Ecosystem interactions involve living (biotic)
communities and nonliving (abiotic)
components
– Abiotic components include energy,
nutrients, gases, and water
• Organisms are affected by their environment
– But their presence and activities often change
the environment they inhabit
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THE BIOSPHERE
34.2 The biosphere is the total of all of Earth's
ecosystems
• The global ecosystem is called the biosphere
– It is the sum
of all the
Earth's
ecosystems
– The biosphere
is the most
complex level
in ecology
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Figure 34.2A
• The biosphere is self-contained
– except for energy obtained
from the sun and heat lost
to space
• Patchiness characterizes
the biosphere
– Patchiness occurs in the
distribution of deserts,
grasslands, forests, and
lakes
– Each habitat has a unique
community of species
Figure 34.2B
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34.3 Connection: Environmental problems reveal
the limits of the biosphere
• Human activities affect all parts of the
biosphere
– One example is the widespread use of
chemicals
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• Rachel Carson was one of the first to perceive
the global dangers of pesticide abuse
– Carson documented her
concerns in the 1962
book Silent Spring
– This book played a key
role in the awakening of
environmental awareness
Figure 34.3
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34.4 Physical and chemical factors influence life in
the biosphere
• The most important abiotic factors that
determine the biosphere's structure and
dynamics include
– solar energy
– water
– temperature
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• Disturbances such as fires, hurricanes, and
volcanic eruptions are also abiotic factors
Figure 34.4
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34.5 Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic
factors by natural selection
• The presence and success of a species in a
particular place depends upon its ability to
adapt
• Natural selection
adapts organisms to
abiotic and biotic
factors
– Biotic factors include
predation and
competition
Figure 34.5
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34.6 Regional climate influences the distribution of
biological communities
• Climate often determines the distribution of
communities
• Earth's global climate patterns are largely
determined by the input of solar energy and
the planet's movement in space
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• Most climatic variations are due to the uneven
heating of Earth's surface
– This is a result of the variation in solar
radiation at different latitudes
North Pole
60º N
Low angle of
incoming sunlight
30º N
Tropic of
Cancer
Sunlight directly
overhead
0º (equator)
Tropic of
Capricorn
30º S
Low angle of
incoming sunlight
Atmosphere
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60º S
South Pole
Figure 34.6A
• The seasons of the year result from the
permanent tilt of the plant on its axis as it
orbits the sun
MARCH EQUINOX
(equator faces
sun directly)
JUNE SOLSTICE
(Northern
Hemisphere tilts
toward sun)
SEPTEMBER
EQUINOX
DECEMBER
SOLSTICE
(Northern
Hemisphere tilts
away from sun)
Figure 34.6B
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• The tropics experience the greatest annual
input and least seasonal variation in solar
radiation
• The direct intense solar radiation near the
equator has an impact on the global patterns
of rainfall and winds
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Ascending
Descending
dry air
absorbs
moisture
Trade winds
moist air
releases
moisture
Trade winds
Descending
dry air
absorbs
moisture
Doldrums
TEMPERATE
ZONE
TROPICS
TEMPERATE
ZONE
Figure 34.6C
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• Warm, moist air at the equator rises
• As the air rises, it cools and releases much of
its water content
– This results in the abundant precipitation
typical of most tropical regions
• After losing their moisture over equatorial
zones, high altitude air masses spread away
from the equator
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• They cool and descend again at latitudes of
about 30° north and south
– This explains the locations of the world's
great deserts
• As the dry air descends, some of it spreads
back toward the equator
– This creates the cooling trade winds that
dominate the tropics
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• Temperate zones are located between the
tropics and the Arctic Circle in the north and
the Antarctic Circle in the south
– They have seasonal variations in climate
– The temperatures are more moderate than in
the tropic or polar regions
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• Prevailing winds result from the combined
effects of the rising and falling of air masses and
Earth's rotation
– In the tropics, Earth's rapidly moving surface
deflects vertically circulating
air, making the winds
blow from east to west
– In temperate zones, the
slower-moving surface
produces the westerlies,
winds that blow from
west to east
Figure 34.6D
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• Ocean currents have a profound effect on
regional climates by warming or cooling coastal
areas
– They are created by winds, planet rotation,
unequal heating of surface waters, and the
locations and shapes of continents
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• Local high temperatures for August 6, 2000, in
Southern California
Fresno
100º
40 miles
Death
Valley
119º
Bakersfield
100º
Pacific Ocean
Santa Barbara 73º
Key
70s (ºF)
Los Angeles
(Airport) 75º
80s
Burbank
90º
San Bernardino 100º
Riverside 96º
Santa Ana
Palm Springs 106º
84º
90s
100s
110s
San Diego 72º
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Figure 34.6E
• Landforms, such as mountains, can affect local
climate
East
Wind
direction
Pacific
Ocean
Cascade
Range
Coast
Range
Figure 34.6F
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