Ch. 9 Memory - Cloudfront.net
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Ch. 9 Memory
Mr. McElhaney
PLHS
Remembering is an Active Process
Memories can be lost and revised
Types of Memory
– Short Term Memory
– Long Term Memory
Info that appears to be lost may still be in
memory
Problems with memory:
– Forgetting and storage issues
Recovered memories are problematic
Strategies such as Mnemonics can improve
memory
Basics
Definition- Memory is an active system
that receives, stores and organizes, alters,
and recovers information
Encoding- info is changed into usable and
storable form
Sensory Memory
New info is perceived through the senses
Info is held exactly as perceived for a few
seconds (Transduced)
Preceding short term Memory
All of the Senses:
Use Transduction:
– The process of changing energy (stimulus) to
a form that can be processed by the nervous
system– For example- light to a form that can be
recognized by the retina.
Dual System in Memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
Small desk and file cabinet concept
STM
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Meaningful info stored
Fig. 9.2 Remembering is thought to involve at least three steps. Incoming
information is first held for a second or two by sensory memory.
Information selected by attention is then transferred to temporary storage
in short-term memory. If new information is not rapidly encoded, or
rehearsed, it is forgotten. If it is transferred to long-term memory, it
becomes relatively permanent, although retrieving it may be a problem. The
Short Term Memory 1
Is working memory
Includes Selective attention
Holds small amounts of info for a brief
time
Encoding in STM
– memories are stored by images
– And phonetically- by sound, words and letters
Short Term Memory 2
Storehouse for small amounts of info
Phone numbers/shopping lists
Working memory holds info while other
activities are taking place.
Is sensitive to interruption + interference
Processing info helps Memory
Connecting to LTM
Chunking
Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal
Short Term Memory 3
Limited size = 7 “slots”/Information bits
Good mem = 9 bits
Recoding= reorganizing information
Chunking = form of recoding, creating
connections/groups between info
Rehearsal- repeating info increases STM
and can lead to transfer to LTM
Elaborate Rehearsal –
Linking new info to memories in LTM will
improve memory
Elaborate = extend, think about info as
you study
Ask yourself “why” why would that be
true?
Try to relate new ideas to your own
experiences and knowledge
Long Term Memory
Found in the Cortex of Brain
Hippocampus clearly associated with memory
(see brain map of memory)
permanent storehouse for Memory
Everything you know goes into LTM
Important + Meaningful info gets transferred to
LTM
The more you know the easier it is to add
memory
Long Term Memory
Encoding = storage (LTM) stored based on
meaning
Recoding/reorganizing/revision is present in LTM
example- Chunking can/will work in LTM
Constructive Processing = updating memory
– Fills in the gaps of memory with logical conclusions or
extensions, or inferences
– (Pseudo Memories are false memories)
– Relates to how we can sometimes not know the
source of some memories
Organization of Info in LTM
Patterns of Association = memory structure
Examples: rules, images, symbols, similarities,
formal meaning, personal meaning
Network Model (or schema)
– Associations of new of linked ideas
– We make organization based on linked meanings
Memory Aids
Chunking info= try to link 2-3 or more
facts into larger chinks and your memory
will improve
Key to memory is to find meaning
Always think about how you feel about
things
Fig. 9.7 In the model shown here, long-term memory is divided into procedural
memory (learned actions and skills) and declarative memory (stored facts).
Declarative memories can be either semantic (impersonal knowledge) or episodic
(personal experiences associated with specific times and places).
Types of LTM = skill and fact
Procedural- Skill
Conditioned Response
Learned Actions
Automatic
Lower braincerebellum
Typing and Driving
Actions
Types of Memory
Declarative- Facts
Names, faces, dates,
words, ideas
Expressed in words
and symbols
Semantic Memory
Encyclopedia of basic
knowledge
You don’t forget
Episodic Memory=
experiences
Autobiographic
– When we access we
re-experience
Most easily forgotten
LTM
Memory Formation
Consolidation- the forming of LTM memory
Takes time to move info from STM to LTM
Meaning is key
Re-dintegrative Memories
Memories in LTM
Can be triggered by cues
Cues (associations/clues) always enhance
memories
Triggered memories are cues to other
connected memories
Pictures, smells, songs, sounds
Cue-Dependent
Forgetting
Stimuli associated with memory are missing
Memory Tasks- LTM
Recall
Direct
Retrieval of Info
Who-What
Facts
Recognition
Previous
learned info is
correctly
identified
MC tests
Accurate for
visuals
Relearning
Reviewing
previously
exposed
to/learned info
25% greater
proficiency
Review helps
we Re-learn
faster.
Serial Position Effect
STM
Being able to memorize the beginning and
end of a list
But not the middle
Why? The end- interference, STM has limited
capacity
Implicit and Explicit Memories
Implicit Memories
We are not aware
Unconscious
Priming
Giving a person
limited cues
Info previously
learned is reflected in
cued responses
Related to implicit
memory
Sub-conscious
Explicit Memories
Recall is used
Conscious memories
Trying to remember
Forgetting
Encoding Failure: When a memory was never formed
in the first place
Memory Traces: Physical changes in nerve cells or
brain activity that occur when memories are stored
Memory Decay: When memory traces become
weaker; fading or weakening of memories
Disuse: Theory that memory traces weaken when
memories are not used or retrieved
Blocking
Repression
Suppression
Brain Anatomy and Memory
Locations of memory is identified through
brain mapping
Experiments through Electroconvulsive
Shock destroys memory
– Mostly effects recent memories
– Before Consolidation
Brain #2
Hippocampus= closely associated with
LTM
Used in Consolidation of memory
Known as the “Switching Station” between
STM and LTM
Grows neurons that make new
connections with in the brain
Damage to hippocampus = Aterograde
amnesia= inability to store new memories
LTM (“50 First Dates”)
Brain 3
3lbs of brain
Cerebral Cortex- multiple areas associated
Front of Cortex = Episodic Memoryevents
Back area of Cortex = Semantic Memoryideas
Amnesia
Retrograde (before)
Amnesia
Forgetting events that
occur before an injury
or trauma
Anterograde- Amnesia
“50 First Dates”
Forgetting invents tha
follow an injury
Memory Supports
Making Notes- write things down
Prevents info from slipping out of short
term memory before you can review it and
store it more permanently
Sorry, not finished with this ppt.