Transcript Textbook PowerPoint

Ch. 6
 Memory
The information-processing model of memory describes
how information is encoded, organized, and stored in
memory, and how it is retrieved from memory
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Information-processing Model Movie
1. The Sensory Registers
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Information-Processing Model
A. Visual and Auditory Registers
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Visual icons and auditory echoes
Unlimited capacity, but rapid decay
B. Attention
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Selects further processing
Cocktail-party phenomenon
2. Short-Term Memory
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A. Capacity of STM
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B. Encoding in STM
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Chunking
 5-10 bits (older theory)
 What is rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds
Auditory and visual
 Visual encoded more efficiently
C. Maintaining STM
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Rote rehearsal of repeating something
 Does not result in long term memory
Primacy and Recency Effects
3. Long-Term Memory
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A. Capacity of LTM
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Vast amount of information may be stored for many
years
B. Encoding in LTM
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Semantic= general facts
Episodic=info with personal meaning and imagery
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C. Serial Position Effect
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People tend to recall the first and last items in a list
Short- and long-term memory work together
D. Maintaining LTM
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Rote repetition
Elaborative rehearsal
 Processing information in a meaningful way
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E. Types of LTM
Semantic memories= general facts
 Procedural memories= motor skills and habits
 Emotional memories= learned emotional responses
 Explicit memory
 Intentional memory
 Implicit memory
 Unintentional memory
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Click here to view the Types of Memories table
4. The Biology of Memory
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A. How Are Memories Formed?
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B. Where are Memories Stored?
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Changes in synaptic connections among neural cells
This is called consolidation
There is no one place
Different parts of the brain are specialized
Biology of Memory Movie
5. Forgetting
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A. The Biology of Forgetting
Decay theory
 Retrograde amnesia
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B. Experience and Forgetting
Retroactive interference
 Proactive interference
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In retroactive interference, new information interferes with old information
already in LTM; proactive interference refers to the process by which old
information already in LTM interferes with new information. Interference affects
both storage and retrieval of information
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C. How to Reduce Forgetting
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Develop motivation
Practice memory skills
Be confident
Minimize distraction and stay focused
Make meaning connections to what is in long-term memory
Use mnemonics
 Mnemonics Movie
Use mental imagery
Use retrieval cues
6. Special Topics in Memory
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A. Autobiographical Memory
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B. Childhood Amnesia
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Generally poor memory for events prior to age 2
C. Extraordinary Memory
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Recollection of events in our life
Usually due to well developed memory techniques
D. Flashbulb Memories
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Vivid memories of dramatic event
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E. Eyewitness Testimony
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F. Recovered Memories
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May be related to what they heard or imagined
Later recall of forgotten dramatic event
G. Cultural Influences on Memory
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Cultural values and practices influence what kinds of
things we remember and how easily we recall them
Role of priming on memory
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Person is first exposed to a stimulus, usually a word or picture
Later, the person is shown a fragment of the same stimulus
and is asked to complete it
Result is that people are more likely to complete fragments
with items seen earlier than with other equally plausible items
Amnesic patients do as well as people with normal memory,
indicating that priming is implicit, not explicit memory
SQ3R – What Is It?
Stands for survey, question, read, recite, review
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Survey - Before you begin reading, look at headings,
captions, summary, etc.
Question – Translate each heading into questions
about the text to follow.
Read – Read and try to answer above questions
Recite – Recite from memory the information you
remember and the answers to your questions
Review – Review notes, relate material to relevant
ideas, make examples from experience, etc.