Transcript Snímek 1

MEMORY
PhDr. Eva Tomešová, PhD.
26th October 2007
Learning and memory
 Learning: the process of aquiring new
info or skills
 Memory: the retention of what you have
learned as well as its retrieval for future
reference to use
Types of memory
 sensory memory
 short term memory
 long term memory
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Sensory memory
 the momentary lingering of sensory
information after a stimulus has been
removed
 capacity is large (about 20 items)
 sensory storage system
 used to start the process of identifying
stimuli, of giving meaning to them
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eidetic images
Short term or working memory
 contents of our conscious awareness
 20 s, limited amount of info
 selective attention
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cocktail party phenomenon
 encoding
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effortful
automatic
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YELLOW
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Short term, active storage
 rehearsal
 7 (+;-2)
 chunking information
 149162536496481100121144
 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144
 12 22
Long-term memory
 can store things indefinitely without
active effort
 procedural memory
 semantic memory
 episodic memory
Long term storage
 memories are not stored in one location
– pattern of activation across a large
group of neurons
 rehearsal!!!
 shallow processing - maintenance
rehearsal
 deep processing - elaborative rehearsal
Retrieval from long term
memory
 recognition
 recall
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retrieval cues
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
fixation on wrong answer
Long-term memory
performance
 mnemonic devices
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Method of loci
Peg word method
 use of visual imagery
 reconstructing context and mood
General strategies
 learn and comprehend rather than practice in
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rote fashion
match context at learning with context of
retrieval
few seconds of deliberate encoding help
emotional arousal
use of retrieval cues
frequent short learning is better than long
learning trial
store your memories in more than one way
Long-term memory distortions
 schemas, expectations, inferences
Memory assessment
 Digit-span tests of short-term memory
 memory subtest of Amthauer’s
Intelligence Structure Test
 Rey-Osterrieth’s komplex figure
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level of perception activity, visuo-motor
control and attention, visual memory