Carbohydrates - Cloudfront.net
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Carbohydrates
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
Energy Molecules
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH
(CH
2O)
xx
2O)
H12
CC66H
12O6
6
Function:
u energy
u raw materials
u energy storage
ustructural materials
Monomer: sugars
ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
Sugars
Most names for sugar end in -ose
Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose)
5C = pentose (ribose)
3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
H
H
HO
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
Glucose
C
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
OH
HO
O
H
H
HO
OH
H
Ribose
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
Glyceraldehyde
Functional groups determine function
carbonyl
aldehyde
carbonyl
ketone
Sugar structure
5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
Carbons are numbered
Numbered carbons
C 6'
5' C
O
4' C
C1'
energy stored in C-C bonds
C3'
C2'
Simple & complex sugars
Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars
glucose
Disaccharides
2 monomers
sucrose
Polysaccharides
large polymers
starch
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Glucose
H
OH
Building sugars
Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
H2O
|
glucose
disaccharide
|
maltose
glycosidic linkage
Building sugars
Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
H2O
|
fructose
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
Polysaccharides
Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build
easily reversible = release energy
Function:
energy storage
starch (plants)
glycogen (animals)
in liver & muscles
structure
cellulose (plants)
chitin (arthropods & fungi)
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
slow release
starch
(plant)
energy
storage
glycogen
(animal)
fast release
Polysaccharide diversity
Molecular structure determines function
in starch
in cellulose
isomers of glucose
structure determines function…
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
enzyme
cellulose
hard to
digest
enzyme
Cellulose
Most abundant organic compound on Earth
herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest
cellulose
most carnivores have not
that’s why they eat meat to
get their energy &
nutrients
cellulose = undigestible
roughage
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well;
must add another sugar
source, like fruit to diet
Helpful bacteria
How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?
BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest celluloserich (grass) meals
Caprophage
Ruminants
Lipids
Concentrated Energy Molecules
Lipid
Examples
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Hormones
Sex hormones
Testosterone (male)
Estrogen (female)
Lipid
Types
Triglyceride (Fats)
Steroids
Phospholipids
Lipid
Functions:
Energy storage
Very concentrated
Twice the energy as carbohydrates!
Cell membrane structure
Protection/ Cushion organs
Insulate body
Think whale blubber!
Structure of Fat
Not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”
General Structure
Many carbon and hydrogen atoms with very few oxygen
atoms
Hydrophobic
Components of a triglyceride (FAT)
3 Fatty acids + 1 Glycerol = Fat Molecule
Glycerol molecule
Fatty Acids
Saturated Fats
Most animal fats
Solid at room temperature
Limit the amount in your diet
Contributes to heart disease
Deposits in arteries
Unsaturated Fats
Plants, vegetables, and fish fats
Liquid at room temperature
Fat molecules don’t stack tightly together
Better choice in your diet
Other lipids in biology
Cholesterol
Good molecule in cell membranes
Make hormones from it
Including sex hormones
But too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart
disease
Isomers (cis and trans)
Isomers (cis and trans)
trans oleic fatty acid
increase amount low
density lipoproteins (LDL’s); add
to blood vessel placque
(artherosclerosis)
cis oleic fatty acid
canola or olive oil
Other lipids in biology
Cell membranes are made out of lipids
Phospholipids
Heads are on the outside touching water
Tails are on the inside away from water
“like” water
“scared” of water
Forms a barrier between the cell and the outside
Proteins
Multipurpose Molecules
Proteins
Examples
Muscle
Skin, hair, fingernails, claws
Collagen, keratin
Pepsin
Digestive enzyme in stomach
Insulin
Hormone that controls blood sugar levels
Proteins
Functions:
Many, many functions
Hormones
Signals from one body system to another
Insulin
Movement
Muscle
Immune system
Protect against germs
Enzymes
Help chemical reactions
Proteins
Building block = amino acids
20 different amino acids
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
There’s 20 of us… like 20
different letters in an
alphabet! Can make lots of
different words
Amino Acid Chain
Proteins
Amino acids chained into a polymer
Each amino acid is different
Some “like” water & dissolve in it…hydrophilic
Some “fear” water & separate from it…
hydrophobic
Water-fearing amino acids
Hydrophobic
“water fearing” amino acids
Try to get away from water in cell
The protein folds
Water-loving amino acids
Hydrophilic
“Water-loving” amino acids
Try to stay in water in cell
The protein folds
For Proteins: SHAPE Matters!
Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape
That is what happens in the cell
Different shapes = different jobs
It’s SHAPE that matters!
Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape
Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
Wrong shape = can’t do its job
Unfolding proteins = “denature”
Temperature
pH (acidity)