Transcript Carbohydrates - RMC Science Home

Carbohydrates
Regents Biology
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Carbohydrates:
Energy molecules
Regents Biology
H
OH
Carbohydrates
 Building block molecules = sugars
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates
 Function:

quick energy

energy storage

structure
glucose
C6H12O6
 cell wall in plants
sucrose
 Examples

sugars

starches

cellulose (cell wall)
Regents Biology
starch
Sugars = building blocks
 Names for sugars usually end in -ose
glucose
 fructose
 sucrose
 maltose
CH2OH

Regents Biology
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
glucose
C6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
maltose
Naming Sugars
 The term saccharide comes from
saccharum, meaning sugar
 Simple sugars
Single chain of carbon atoms
 C have –OH groups attached

 Distinguishing sugars
carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone)
 Number of carbons in the chain

Regents Biology
Isomers
Molecules with the same chemical formula
but with a different arrangement of atoms
 C6H12O6
Glucose
Fructose


OH
OH
Different shapes = different properties
Regents Biology
Building carbohydrates
 Monosaccharides = 1 sugar
 Disaccharides = 2 suagrs
 2-10 sugars can also be called

oligosaccharides
Glycosidic linkage
covalent bond holding 2 sugars
together
 Condensation rxn = Produce water

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Building carbohydrates
 Synthesis
1 sugar =
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
glucose
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
di = two
Regents Biology
2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
maltose
Glycosidic
linkage
Building carbohydrates
 Synthesis
1 sugar =
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
fructose
How sweet
it is!
Regents Biology
2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
Glycosidic
linkage
BIG carbohydrates
 Polysaccharides
large carbohydrates
 Energy source or structure

 starch
 energy storage in plants

potatoes
 glycogen
 energy storage in animals
poly = many

in liver & muscles
 cellulose
 structure in plants

cell walls
 chitin
 structure in arthropods & fungi
Regents Biology

exoskeleton
Building BIG carbohydrates
glucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide
starch
(plant)
energy
storage
Regents Biology
Straight chain
Branched chain
We have enzymes that hydrolyze
amylose and amylopectin into glucose
molecules, therefore we have the ability
to digest them
Building BIG carbohydrates
glucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide
-Several branching sections
-energy storage for ie. Physical exercise
energy
storage
glycogen
(animal)
Regents Biology
Branching
chain
Cellulose
 Cell walls in plants

Chains are neither coiled or branched
 They can H-bond between chains
 Form tight bundles
Regents Biology
Cellulose
 Cell walls in plants
herbivores can digest cellulose well
 most carnivores cannot digest cellulose (we
don’t have the enzymes to digest it)

 that’s why they
eat meat
to get their energy
& nutrients
 cellulose = roughage
 stays undigested
 keeps material
moving in your
intestines
Regents Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
cellulose
hard to
digest
Regents Biology
enzyme
enzyme
Different Diets of Herbivores
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well;
must add another sugar
source, like fruit to diet
Regents Biology
Helpful bacteria
 How can cows digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Regents Biology