Transcript Carbohydrates PPT

CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH2O)x
C6H12O6
 Function:
 Energy storage
 structural materials
 Monomer: monosaccharides (simple sugars)
sgar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
Numbered carbons
C 6'
5' C
O
4' C
C1'
energy stored in C-C bonds
C3'
C2'
Sugars
 Most names for sugars end in -ose
 Classified by number of carbons
 6C = hexose (glucose)
 5C = pentose (ribose)
 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
H
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
6H
HO
H
OH
Glucose
CH2OH
OH
C
O
H
HO
H
5
OH
O
H
HO
H
Ribose
H
H
H
C
OH
C
3OH
H
Glyceraldehyde
Functional groups determine function
carbonyl
aldehyde
carbonyl
ketone
Simple & complex sugars
CH2OH
H
 Monosaccharides
 simple 1 monomer sugars
 Glucose, galactose, fructose
 Disaccharides
 2 monomers
 Sucrose, lactose, maltose
 Polysaccharides
 large polymers
 Starch, Glycogen
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Glucose
H
OH
Building sugars
 Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
|
glucose
disaccharide
|
maltose
Building sugars
 Synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
|
fructose
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
Polysaccharides
 Polymers of sugars
 costs little energy to build
 easily reversible = release energy
 Function:
 energy storage
 starch (plants)
 glycogen (animals)
 structure = building materials
 cellulose (plants)
 chitin (arthropods & fungi)
 peptidoglycan (bacteria)
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
starch
(plant)
energy
storage
glycogen
(animal)
Polysaccharide diversity
 Molecular structure determines function
in starch
in cellulose
isomers of glucose
 structure determines function…

Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
cellulose
hard to
digest
enzyme
enzyme
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well; must add
another sugar source, like fruit to
diet
Helpful bacteria
 How can cows digest cellulose?
 bacteria live in their gut & help digest cellulose-rich (grass)
meals