Transcript Macromolecules

MACROMOLECULES a.k.a. BioMolecules a.k.a. Organic Molecules
A
car isn’t one
single thing.
 It’s made from
combining
numerous parts that
work together.
 Often, those parts
are made of even
smaller parts.
Macromolecules
 Organisms
are similar except they are made of
very specialized parts, organic parts.
 There are numerous parts but there are 4 special
ones that are common to all life.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
 These
are the 4 major classes of macromolecules
that you are going to be required to know; both
structures and functions.
Objectives Macromolecules

Identify what are the chemicals of life
made from.

Identify why carbon can be the basis of
so many types of bio-molecules.

Identify the structures of the subunits that
form the macromolecules.

Describe the relationship between
monomers and polymers.




Restate 3 major functions of
carbohydrates in cells.

Identify what determines the function of
proteins.

Describe 2 functions of lipids.

Summarize the role of nucleic acids in a
cell.
 Vocabulary






Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Amino acid
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide
DNA
RNA
ATP
•Review: Ionic Bonding = Swapping eIonic Bonding
• Atoms can sometimes achieve a stable valence level by
losing or gaining electrons.
• When this happens, the charge of the atom changes
slightly and an ion is formed.
•
An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric
charge because it has gained or lost electrons.
Opposite charges attract.
• The attractive force between oppositely charged ions is
an ionic bond.
•
•How Do You Show the Bonds?
• Ionic
Bohr Model
Or…
Lewis Structure
•Lewis Dot Structures
Shows only the electrons that participate in bonding.
•Review: Covalent Bonds = Sharing eCovalent Bonding
• One way that atoms bond is by sharing valence
electrons to form a covalent bond.
•
A molecule is a group of atoms held together by
covalent bonds.
•
A water molecule, H2O, forms when an oxygen atom
forms covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms.
•How Do You Show the Bonds?
• Covalent
Bohr Model
Or…
Lewis Structure
•Hydrogen Bonding
•
A hydrogen bond is a
bond that forms
between the positive
hydrogen atom of one
molecule and the
negative pole of
another molecule.
Represented as
dashed lines.
We will see these
again…
Why We Study Macromolecules
 Macromolecules
are necessary to study for
several important reasons.
1. They allow life to persist and thrive.
2. All organisms are made of all the same basic
stuff put together in a million different ways.
 How
do you get these in your
body?
 You consume all of these
when you eat other
organisms and stuff made
from other organisms.
Reading & Research




You will work together in your assigned groups to
explore the features of macromolecules first.
You will need to read through everything together,
answer all questions, and complete all drawings for a
complete introduction.
Once I verify you’ve finished, you will keep the 8-page
packet in your notebooks.
You will get credit for the packet and answers when
you complete and turn in the “Final Questions” (I will
give after you are done with the packet) on Tuesday.


Q: Can I just turn in the answers & get credit?
A: No. If you fail to complete the packet you will not only
not get credit for the assignment but also be WAY
behind… Do it.
Macromolecule Group Work
 Get
into groups. Have your packet, the
“Final Questions” WS & something to write
with.
 We will cover CARBOHYDRATES &
PROTEINS today.
 We will cover LIPIDS & NUCLEIC ACIDS
tomorrow.
 Your “Final Questions” WS is due on Block
day.
Building Blocks of Cells
 You
know that all living things are made of cells.
 The parts of a cell are made up of large, complex
molecules, often called macromolecules.

These are also known as organic compounds or carbon
compounds.
 Large,
complex macromolecules are built from a
few smaller, simpler, repeating subunits arranged in
an extremely precise way.
 The basic atomic subunit of most macromolecules
contain atoms of carbon.
Carbon Bonding
Carbon:
What number is it on the
periodic table?
What major column does carbon
fall under?
How many bonds can carbon
then form?
Carbon atoms can form covalent
bonds with as many as four other
atoms.
It can form three major types of
bonds.
C-C …Single carbon to carbon
C=C … Double
C≡C … Triple
Sorry, no quadruple bonds…
Constructing the Macromolecules
 Carbon,
due to its flexibility, bonds with other
elements to form the basic subunits called
monomers of the larger, more complex
macromolecules, called polymers.
POLYMER/Macromolecule
You need to know specifically:
Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis = Water is formed when subunits bond.
Hydrolysis = Water is split to break down polymers.
HOW THE POLYMERS ARE FORMED
= DEHYDRATION (condensation)
SYNTHESIS.
Water is formed when the monomers
covalently bond.
Water is released in a
condensation reaction that
forms this disaccharide
Energy
Stored
Energy
Released
Water is split in a hydrolysis reaction
that forms 2 monosaccharides and
releases energy.
HOW MACROMOLECULES ARE
BROKEN DOWN = HYDROLYSIS
Stored
Energy
Dehydration Synthesis v Hydrolysis
simplified.
1st Macromolecule: Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are
molecules made of one or
more simple sugars
subunits.

A sugar contains carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen


in a ratio of 1:2:1.


It’s abbreviated CHO
It’s formula is C6H12O6
Glucose is a common
sugar found everywhere in
nature.
Carbohydrates: Structure
 Glucose
is a monosaccharide,
or “single sugar.”

So is fructose, dextrose, & ribose
 Two
sugars can be linked to
make a disaccharide.

Sucrose, & lactose
 Many
monosaccharide
subunits can be linked to
make a polysaccharide
(= “many sugars”)
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered simple
carbohydrates or simple sugars.
Polysaccharides are considered complex carbohydrates.



Carbohydrates: Functions
 Cells
use carbohydrates for sources of energy,
structural materials, and cellular identification.


Carbohydrates are a
major source of energy
for many organisms,
including humans.
It is used specifically to
make ATP in
mitochondria.
Sugar
Used
to
make
ATP
Carbohydrates: Structural Support
 Chitin
and cellulose are complex carbohydrates
that provide (structural) support. Similar to the frame
of a house.
 Chitin is responsible for the hardness of shells of
arthropods (insects) and crustaceans (crabs &
such) and the cell walls of mushrooms.
 Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants.

This helps them stand straight up.
Carbohydrates: Identification
 In
a complex organism, cells recognize neighboring
cells by the short, branched chains of varying sugar
units on their outer surface.
Complex
Carbs in
Food
Simple
Carbs
Summary: Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates
are known as sugars or
starches, depending on the number of
monomers in the molecule
 The subunit for carbohydrates is a simple
sugar (like glucose)
 Carbohydrates are known for being quick
energy sources but also can be used for
structure & cellular identification.
Proteins
 Proteins
are chains of amino acids subunits.
 The amino acids twist and fold into certain shapes
that determine what the proteins do.
 There are thousands of proteins that perform many
types of functions.






Structure
Support
Movement
Communication
Transportation
And carrying out chemical reactions
Amino Acids
 Amino
acids are the
subunits, the building
blocks, of proteins.
 20 different ones are
bonded together in millions
of ways to create the
millions of proteins that
exist.
Amino Acids
 Amino
acids have three
distinct areas.



The amino group
The carboxyl group
The R group, which 20
different options
Carboxyl
group
Amino
group
R group
Proteins,
A
protein is a molecule made up of
long chains of amino acids held
together by peptide bonds.
 Proteins are called polypeptides.
 Poly
= many
 Peptide
= amino acid subunits.
Proteins
in Food
Summary Proteins
 Subunit
of proteins is the amino acid
(there are 20 of them that we use in our
bodies)
 There are many functions of proteins,
including support, transportation, immune
system, movement, cellular
communication.
Lipids
 Lipids
are another class of biomolecules, which
includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
 The main purpose of fats is to store energy and can
actually do so more efficiently than carbohydrates.

Lipids consist of chains of
carbon atoms bonded to
each other and to hydrogen
atoms. This structure makes
lipids non-polar so they repel
water.



Is water polar or non-polar?
Lipids separate from water
and don’t dissolve in it.
Lipids will dissolve in other
lipids, however.

This gives the term “fat soluble”
Lipid: Subunit
 Fatty
Acid: Carbon chain surrounded by
hydrogen. (Attached to a carboxyl,
making it an acid)
Fatty acids

Fat subunits are fatty
acids, and are often
called as such
 Trans (cis) “transfat”
 Saturated


Unsaturated.


No bends or double
carbon bonds
Contains one or
more c=c bonds
Saturated fats are
dangerous because of
how close they can
stack together in your
blood vessels.

Because of the carbon-hydrogen
bonds, lipids are also called
hydrocarbons.


These are used for energy and
lubrication.
Gasoline and oil are hydrocarbons.
Lipids: Functions
 Lipids
are non-polar & they can
help control water.
 It’s the main component of body
fat but the cell’s outer membrane
is made of phospholipids.
 The structure of cell membranes
depends on how phospholipids
interact with water.
 Waxes,
found on
the surfaces of
plants and
aquatic bird
feathers,
“waterproof” to
help prevent
evaporation of
water from the
cells of the
organism.
Li-pids in the Membrane
 Phospholipids


Phosphate head
Fatty acid tail
 Cholesterol
 Glycolipids
Phospholipids
 The
only reason why cells can form is because of
the properties of phospholipids.
 THEY ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT.
Hydrophilic
heads “love”
water and
always point
to it.
Hydrophobic
tails “hate”
water and
always point
away from it.
Lipids: The Foundation for Hormones.
 Lipids
also serve as the
foundation for
hormones.
 Hormones are chemical
substances produced in
the body that control
and regulate the
activity of certain cells
or organs.
 They signal other cells to
do important jobs.

Examples:
 Cholesterol
 Testosterone
 Estrogen
 HGH
 Insulin
 Adrenaline
Lipids in Food
Nucleic Acids: Function &
Subunits
 Nucleic
acids are the molecules that contain the
hereditary information (directions for making
traits) found in only living organisms.
A
nucleic acid is a long chain of nucleotide
subunits.
A
nucleotide is a molecule made up of three
parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotide: The Subunit of
Nucleic Acids
DNA vs RNA Structure
 RiboNucleic

Acid = RNA
Is missing one of the
oxygen atom
 DeoxyriboNucleic
= DNA

Acid
Has two oxygen
molecules on the sugar
Nucleic Acids,
Hereditary Information
 DNA molecules act as “instructions” for the
processes of an organism’s life.
 DNA
consists of two strands of nucleotides that
spiral around each other.

Similar to a spiral staircase.
 DNA
strands are held together by hydrogen bonds.
 RNA also interacts with DNA to help decode the
information.
 Nucleic
acids store and transmit hereditary
information.
Nucleic
Acids:
 Made
of many
individual
nucleotides
Nucleic Acids, ATP
Energy Carriers
 Some single nucleotides have
other important roles.
 Adenosine
triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy
currency of cells.

It’s is a nucleotide that has three phosphate groups.

Energy is released in the hydrolysis reaction that
breaks off the third phosphate group.
 Other
single nucleotides transfer electrons or
hydrogen atoms for other life processes.
Hydrolysis of ATP to produce
ENERGY
Closure
 What
 Any
 Get
did you learn today?
questions?
your packets checked and have
Final Questions complete by tomorrow.
Have you seen one of these?
 This
label has all kinds of
important information.
 There are fats, sugars,
proteins, vitamins, etc.
 These Nutrition Facts labels
help you decide if you are
getting the appropriate
quantities in each meal.
UDA Recommended Daily
Allowance
.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Fats
Achieving Balance.

You can find hundreds of
example diets all describing
various ways to be most healthy.





Vegan
Atkins
High protein.
As the graphic suggests, we
need a balanced diet,
representing all the organic
molecules you’ll learn about
today.
The closer you get to balance,
the better off your health will be.
Macromolecule
Practice
 Complete
the
“Cereal Nutrition
Label Analysis” Lab
(50pts Lab).
Macromolecule
Practice
 Complete
the
“Building
Macromolecules”
packet by Friday
(50pts Lab).
 Have this
“Macromolecules in
Food” packet by
Friday. (40pts/ Lab)


Review for Quiz
Atoms




Types of bonds





Covalent (define, how they form, and give examples)
Ionic (“”)
Hydrogen (“”)
There relative strengths (which is strongest/weakest)
Macromolecules





Structure
Subatomic particle properties
How to use the periodic table to find (e-, p+, n, ve-, rings)
4 major classes
Their functions
Their subunits (names & structures, like what was on the
warm up)
How they form
Review Macromolecule ppt.
Questions?
I
have several for you & your group.
 Go
to your group tables. Pair up and get
a wipe board and a wipe board marker.
What structure is this?
 Water
You should know it by its
shape but in case you didn’t
before, now you do!
Is water polar or non-polar?
 Polar
 How
do you know?
 If you split it in half the
electrons are not shared
equally.
 Why is this important?
 It allows water to interact
with other polar
substances, including itself.
Is carbon dioxide polar or
non-polar?
 Non-polar
 How
do you know?
 If you split it in half the
electrons are shared
equally.
 Why is this important?
 This won’t interact with
water or other polar
molecules the same.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
What type of bond is
illustrated between 2 water
molecules?
 Hydrogen
Bonds
 Why are these
important?
 They allow all other
properties of water to
exist.
What are the 4
macromolecules?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
What is this macromolecule?
 Sugar
or carbohydrates.
 Name 2 functions of
carbohydrates
 Energy, structures (like shells
and plant stalks),
identification.
 Where is it found in the
body?
 Stored in the liver, floating in
blood, on surface markers
of cells…
What is this macromolecule?
 Lipids
or fats.
 Name 1 function of fats.
 Energy storage.
 Where is it found in our
body?
 Fatty tissue and cell
walls.
What is this molecule?
 Amino
acid
 It is a subunit of what
macromolecule?
 Proteins
 Amino acids are held
together by what type
of bond?
 Covalent, specifically,
peptide
 Proteins are found
where in the body?
 Muscles, enzymes, in the
blood, all over really.
What is this macromolecule?
 Nucleic
acid…
specifically a nucleotide
of DNA
 What is the building
block of nucleic acids?
 Nucleotides
 What do nucleic acids do?
 Store hereditary information… the directions for life.
 What is ATP
 The energy currency in cells.
What is this structure?
 Cell
Membrane
What does this structure do?
 Protect
the inside of the cell from the
outside and regulate what goes in and
out.
Name 2 of the
macromolecules that appear
in the structure below.
Name the function that these
2 macromolecules perform in
the cell/membrane.
 Sugar
= Identification
 Lipids = the lipid bilayer
 Proteins = Enzymes, channels for water,
 Nucleic acids = ATP give energy, DNA &
RNA hold hereditary information
Name one thing you can eat
that contains each
macromolecule
 Carbohydrates

Sugar, plants,
 Lipids

Meat, dairy, butter, oils
 Proteins

Meat, dairy, beans,
 Nucleic

Acids
The building blocks are in anything that is or once
was living… gross.
What is a monomer and how do
they make polymers?
 Polymers
are large molecules built from
bonding individual monomers together.
POLYMER/Macromolecule
 Polymer
= macromolecules
 Monomer = subunit
Dehydration Synthesis v Hydrolysis
simplified.
The reaction that creates the macromolecules.
The reaction that breaks down the macromolecules.
What are the subunit monomer for
each macromolecule polymer?
Summary







Cells are constructed with and contain
smaller, independent organic molecules
composed of carbon atoms bonded with
other elements, forming unique subunits.
There are 4 classes of organic molecules.
Each have unique properties and uses.
We create ourselves by in taking these
molecules in the foods we eat,
deconstructing them, then reassembling
them…metabolism
Health is achieved by acquiring the right
numbers of these.
The right numbers is determined by eating a
balanced diet.
For homework, get a nutrition label for a food
you eat commonly and bring it in tomorrow.
Summary
 Large,
complex biomolecules are built from a few
smaller, simpler, repeating units arranged in an
extremely precise way.
 Cells
use carbohydrates for sources of energy,
structural materials, and cellular identification.
 The
main functions of lipids include storing energy
and controlling water movement
Summary, continued
 Proteins
are chains of amino acids that
twist and fold into shapes that determine
what the protein does.
 Nucleic
acids store and transmit
hereditary information.