Transcript Lillienfeld: Lecture PowerPoint: Ch. 5

THIRD EDITION
PSYCHOLOGY
from inquiry to understanding
CHAPTER
5
Consciousness
EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY
Slides prepared by Matthew Isaak
Copyright © 2014, © 2011, © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
LO 5.1
LO 5.2
LO 5.3
LO 5.4
LO 5.5
Explain the role of the circadian rhythm
and how our bodies react to a disruption in
our biological clocks.
Identify the different stages of sleep and
the neural activity and dreaming behaviors
that occur in each.
Identify the features and causes of sleep
disorders.
Describe Freud's theory of dreams.
Explain three major modern theories of
dreaming.
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Learning Objectives
LO 5.6
LO 5.7
LO 5.8
LO 5.9
Determine how scientists explain unusual
and seemingly "mystical" alterations in
consciousness.
Distinguish myths from realities
concerning hypnosis.
Identify possible influences on alcohol
abuse and dependence.
Distinguish different types of drugs and
their effects on consciousness.
Understanding Psychology: from Inquiry to Understanding, Third Edition
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Lecture Preview
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The biology of sleep
Dreams
Other alterations of consciousness
Drugs and consciousness
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Encounters
LO 5.1 Explain the role of the circadian rhythm and how our bodies react to a disruption in our
biological clocks.
• Approximately 20% of college students
believe in extraterrestrials.
• Almost 10% claim to have experienced
or met an alien.
• Are people being visited and abducted
by the thousands each year?
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Alien Abductions
LO 5.1 Explain the role of the circadian rhythm and how our bodies react to a disruption in our
biological clocks.
• Research shows most "abductees"
report a history of sleep paralysis.
– State of being unable to move just after
falling asleep or right before waking up
• Often associated with feeling anxiety or
terror; feeling vibrations; hearing
humming; or sensing a menacing
presence in the room.
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Consciousness
LO 5.1 Explain the role of the circadian rhythm and how our bodies react to a disruption in our
biological clocks.
• Our subjective experience of the world
and ourselves
• Sleep paralysis is one example of an
alteration of normal consciousness.
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The Biology of Sleep
LO 5.1 Explain the role of the circadian rhythm and how our bodies react to a disruption in our
biological clocks.
• Our circadian rhythms are cyclical
changes that occur on a roughly 24hour basis.
– Biological processes like hormone
release, body temperature
• Regulated by neurons in the
hypothalamus
– Triggers our sense of fatigue via
increasing melatonin
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The Biology of Sleep
LO 5.1 Explain the role of the circadian rhythm and how our bodies react to a disruption in our
biological clocks.
• Disruptions of circadian rhythms (jet
lag, late shifts) can cause numerous
health problems.
• How much sleep do we need?
– Newborns—16 hours
– College students—9 hours
– Most people—7-10 hours
– People (<1%) with DEC2 mutation—6
hours or less
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The Biology of Sleep
LO 5.1 Explain the role of the circadian rhythm and how our bodies react to a disruption in our
biological clocks.
• Building up a sleep debt can have
numerous negative consequences.
– Weight gain
– Depression
– Increased risk for cardiovascular
problems
– Decreased immune system
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Stages of Sleep
LO 5.2 Identify the different stages of sleep and the neural activity and dreaming behaviors that
occur in each.
• We cycle through five stages of sleep in
90 minute cycles.
• Stages 1-4 (Non-REM)
– No rapid eye movements, fewer dreams
• Stage 5 (REM) sleep
– vivid dreams
– Rapid Eye Movements (REM)
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Stages of Sleep
LO 5.2 Identify the different stages of sleep and the neural activity and dreaming behaviors that
occur in each.
• Stage 1 (5-10 minutes/cycle)
– Theta waves
– Hypnagogic imagery
– Myoclonic jerks
• Stage 2 (10-30 minutes/cycle)
– Sleep spindles and K-complexes
– As much as 65% of total sleep
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Stages of Sleep
LO 5.2 Identify the different stages of sleep and the neural activity and dreaming behaviors that
occur in each.
• Stages 3 and 4 (15-30 minutes/cycle)
– Delta waves
– Crucial to feel rested; suppressed by
alcohol
– 40% of sleep in children; 25% in adults
• Stage 5 (REM sleep; 10-20
minutes/cycle)
– Brain activity similar to wakefulness
– Becomes longer as the night goes on
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Figure 5.1 The Stages of Sleep. The EEG allows scientists to distinguish among the major stages of sleep,
along with two levels of wakefulness. As we can see, brain activity during REM sleep is similar to that when we're
awake and alert, because our brains during REM are typically engaged in vivid dreaming.
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Figure 5.2 Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night. The graph shows the typical progression through
the night of stages 1–4 and REM sleep. Stages 1–4 are indicated on the y axis, and REM stages are represented
by the green curves on the graph. The REM periods occur about every 90 minutes throughout the night (Dement,
1974).
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LO 5.2 Identify the different stages of sleep and the neural activity and dreaming behaviors that
occur in each.
NREM dreams
REM dreams
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Shorter
More thought-like
Repetitive
Concerned with daily
tasks
More dreams
Emotional, illogical
Prone to plot shifts
Biologically crucial
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REM Sleep
LO 5.2 Identify the different stages of sleep and the neural activity and dreaming behaviors that
occur in each.
• Called paradoxical sleep as bodies
are paralyzed but brains are active
• REM rebound occurs when we don't
rest well for several nights
• Function of the eye movements is
unknown
• Muscles in middle ear are also active
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Lucid Dreaming
LO 5.2 Identify the different stages of sleep and the neural activity and dreaming behaviors that
occur in each.
• Sleep and wake may not be as distinct
as once thought.
• Lucid dreaming occurs when you
know that a dream is a dream.
• Some report being able to control
dreams.
– May help with nightmares, not other
problems
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Sleep Disorders
LO 5.3 Identify the features and causes of sleep disorders.
• Widespread and costly problem
– $35 billion/year cost
– 30-50% of population experiences sleep
disorders at some point.
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Sleep Disorders
LO 5.3 Identify the features and causes of sleep disorders.
• Most common is insomnia (10-15% of
people)
– Difficulty going to, staying asleep, or
early waking
– High rates in conjunction with
depression, pain, medical conditions
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Beating Insomnia
LO 5.3 Identify the features and causes of sleep disorders.
Do
Don't
• Hide clocks
• Sleep in cool room
• Regular schedule
•
•
•
•
Drink caffeine
Take naps
Read in bed
Watch TV/use
computer before bed
Photos from dichohecho and maxintosh's Flickr streams
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Sleep Disorders
LO 5.3 Identify the features and causes of sleep disorders.
• Narcolepsy is the rapid and
unexpected onset of sleep.
– Some can experience cataplexy as well
– Due to lack of orexin production
• Sleep apnea is caused by the blockage
of the airway during sleep.
– May wake briefly hundreds of times per
night, causing fatigue and other health
problems
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Figure 5.3 Flow of Air and Quality of Sleep. When the flow of air is blocked, as in sleep apnea, the quality of
sleep can be seriously disrupted.
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Sleep Disorders
LO 5.3 Identify the features and causes of sleep disorders.
• Night terrors are sudden waking
episodes characterized by screaming,
perspiring, and confusion, followed by a
return to a deep sleep.
– most common in children; harmless
• Sleepwalking occurs in 15-30% of
children and 3-5% of adults.
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Dreams
LO 5.4 Describe Freud's theory of dreams.
• Unsure exactly why we dream, but
involved in:
– Processing emotional memories
– Integrating new experiences with
established memories
– Learning new strategies and ways of
doing things
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Dreams
LO 5.4 Describe Freud's theory of dreams.
• Unsure exactly why we dream, but
involved in:
– Simulating threatening events so we
can better cope with them in everyday
life
– Reorganizing and consolidating
memories
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Freud's Dream Protection Theory
LO 5.4 Describe Freud's theory of dreams.
• Dreams transform our sexual and
aggressive instincts into symbols that
represent wish fulfillment.
• These require interpretation to reveal
their true meaning.
– Manifest vs. latent content
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Freud's Dream Protection Theory
LO 5.4 Describe Freud's theory of dreams.
• Rejected by most scientists due to lack
of evidence
– Most dreams are negative in content.
– Very few sexual dreams (< 10%)
– Straightforward dream content
– Post-trauma nightmares
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Activation-Synthesis Theory
LO 5.5 Explain three major modern theories of dreaming.
• Dreams reflect the brain's attempt to
make sense of random and internally
generated neural signals during REM.
• These signals originate in the pons and
move to forebrain.
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Figure 5.4 Activation-Synthesis Theory. According to activation-synthesis theory, the pons transmits
random signals to the thalamus, which relays information to the forebrain of the cerebral cortex. The forebrain in
turn attempts to create a story from the incomplete information it receives.
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Activation-Synthesis Theory
LO 5.5 Explain three major modern theories of dreaming.
• Alternatives to AST emphasize role of
forebrain in dreaming.
• Damage to forebrain can eliminate
dreams completely, even if the pons is
intact.
• Also, dreams are consistent over time,
not random as AST would expect.
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Neurocognitive Theory
LO 5.5 Explain three major modern theories of dreaming.
• Dreams are a meaningful product of
our cognitive capacities, which shape
what we dream about.
• This is why dreams of adults are more
complex than those of children.
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Alterations in Consciousness
LO 5.5 Explain three major modern theories of dreaming.
• Hallucinations are realistic perceptual
experiences in the absence of external
stimuli.
• Brain activates in the same way for
hallucinations as for "real" sensory
experiences.
• Quite normal: 10-35% of people report
having had at least one.
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Alterations in Consciousness
LO 5.6 Determine how scientists explain unusual and seemingly "mystical" alterations in
consciousness.
• Out-of-body experience is the sense
that our consciousness has left our
body
• More commonly reported by those who
have other unusual experiences
• A scrambling of sensory information,
not actually leaving the body, may be
the reason
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Alterations in Consciousness
LO 5.6 Determine how scientists explain unusual and seemingly "mystical"
alterations in consciousness.
• Near-death experiences are OBEs
reported by people who've nearly died
or thought they were going to die.
• Differ cross culturally, in response to
expectations about the afterlife
• Can be experimentally triggered via
stimulation of temporal lobes and other
means
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Alterations in Consciousness
LO 5.6 Determine how scientists explain unusual and seemingly "mystical"
alterations in consciousness.
• Déjà vu is the feeling of reliving an
experience that is actually new.
• Very common; up to 2/3 of people
experience at least one episode
• May be due to seizures; events
resembling past events; or unconscious
processing
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Alterations in Consciousness
LO 5.6 Determine how scientists explain unusual and seemingly "mystical"
alterations in consciousness.
• Mystical experiences involve a sense
of unity or oneness with the world.
• Often religious in nature, and can be
induced via fasting, seizures, prayer, or
hallucinogenic drugs
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Hypnosis
LO 5.7 Distinguish myths from realities concerning hypnosis.
• A set of techniques that provides
people with suggestions for alterations
in perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors
• Widely used to help treat pain, obesity,
anxiety, and habit disorders
• 15-20% of people are of high
suggestibility; another 15-20% are
low-suggestibility
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Hypnosis Myths
LO 5.7 Distinguish myths from realities concerning hypnosis.
• MYTH 1: It produces a trance state in
which "amazing" things happen.
– Doesn't have a great impact on
suggestibility
– Doesn't turn people into mindless robots
• MYTH 2: Hypnotic phenomena are
unique.
– No biological difference between
hypnosis and wakefulness
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Hypnosis Myths
LO 5.7 Distinguish myths from realities concerning hypnosis.
• MYTH 3: Is it a sleeplike state.
– Not biologically similar to sleep
• MYTH 4: People are unaware of their
surroundings.
– Most people are fully aware of their
surroundings and what happened during
hypnosis
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Hypnosis Myths
LO 5.7 Distinguish myths from realities concerning hypnosis.
• MYTH 5: People forget what happens
during hypnosis.
– Rare and mostly limited to people who
expect to be amnesic following hypnosis
• MYTH 6: Hypnosis enhances memory.
– Increases the amount we recall, but
much of it is inaccurate
– Does increase confidence by
eyewitnesses
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Theories of Hypnosis
LO 5.7 Distinguish myths from realities concerning hypnosis.
• Sociocognitive theory - A person's
approach to hypnosis is based on their
attitudes, beliefs, and experiences.
• Dissociation theory - Hypnosis is
based on a separation between
personality functions that are normally
well integrated.
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Drugs and Consciousness
LO 5.8 Identify possible influences on alcohol abuse and dependence.
• Legal and illegal drugs can cause large
changes in our state of consciousness.
• These psychoactive drugs contain
chemicals similar to those found
naturally in our brains.
• Physical and psychological effects
depend on the type of drug and the
dosage.
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Substance Use Disorders
LO 5.8 Identify possible influences on alcohol abuse and dependence.
• Substance abuse disorder –
significant impairment or distress
occurs with drug use.
• Involves tolerance and withdrawal
– tolerance – more of the drug is needed
to achieve intoxication
– withdrawal – physical symptoms when
use is stopped or reduced
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Substance Use Disorders
LO 5.8 Identify possible influences on alcohol abuse and dependence.
• Physical dependence
– Drug is used to avoid withdrawal
symptoms
– 6% of college students physically
dependent on alcohol
• Psychological dependence
– Drug use is motivated by cravings
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Explanations for Drug Use
LO 5.8 Identify possible influences on alcohol abuse and dependence.
• Sociocultural influences and acceptance
• Addictive personality is not true, but
certain personality traits to influence
use
• Reinforcing "self-medication" cycle
• Genetic influence
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Depressants
LO 5.8 Identify possible influences on alcohol abuse and dependence.
• Alcohol and sedative-hypnotics
depress the effects of the CNS.
• Alcohol is the most widely used and
abused drug in our society.
• Has a stimulating effect at low doses,
but depressant effects at higher doses
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Alcohol
LO 5.8 Identify possible influences on alcohol abuse and dependence.
• Females experience effects more
heavily.
• Research shows that what we expect to
happen when drinking also plays a role
in social behavior.
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Figure 5.6 Influences on BAC. A person's blood alcohol content (BAC) depends on a variety of factors beyond
the number of drinks consumed. The person's weight, gender, and stomach contents all play a role. This graph
shows how body weight and gender infl uence BAC. For both men and women, heavier people have a lower BAC,
but at both 120 pounds and 160 pounds, women have a higher BAC than men.
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Figure 5.7 The Four Groups of the Balanced Placebo Design. The balanced-placebo design includes four
groups in which participants (a) are told they're receiving a drug and in fact receive a drug, (b) are told they're
receiving a drug but actually receive a placebo, (c) are told they're receiving a placebo but actually receive a
drug, and (d) are told they're receiving a placebo and in fact receive a placebo.
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Sedative-Hypnotics
LO 5.9 Distinguish different types of drugs and their effects on consciousness.
• Often prescribed to assist with anxiety
or insomnia
• Three classes: barbiturates,
nonbarbiturates, benzodiazepines
• "Benzos" (like Valium) are widely used
and can be highly addictive.
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Stimulants
LO 5.9 Distinguish different types of drugs and their effects on consciousness.
• Rev up the CNS, increasing our heart
rate, respiration, and blood pressure
• Nicotine from tobacco is the most used.
– Highly addictive; activates acetylcholine
receptors
– Smokers often report feelings of
stimulation as well as relaxation and
alertness.
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Stimulants
LO 5.9 Distinguish different types of drugs and their effects on consciousness.
• Cocaine is the most powerful natural
stimulant.
– Users report euphoria, enhanced mental
and physical capacity, a decrease in
hunger, and more.
– Increases the activity of dopamine and
serotonin
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Stimulants
LO 5.9 Distinguish different types of drugs and their effects on consciousness.
• Amphetamines
– Three usage patterns
– Methamphetamine ("crystal meth")
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Narcotics
LO 5.9 Distinguish different types of drugs and their effects on consciousness.
• Opiates that relieve pain and induce
sleep
– Heroin, morphine, codeine
• Heroin is the most abused (90% of
opiate users).
• Often used medically, but can lead to
abuse
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Psychedelics
LO 5.9 Distinguish different types of drugs and their effects on consciousness.
• Called hallucinogenic; produce
dramatic alterations in perception,
mood, and thought
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Psychedelics
LO 5.9 Distinguish different types of drugs and their effects on consciousness.
• Marijuana is most used illegal drug in
US.
– Subjective effects due to THC
– Physiological effects include heart rate
increase, red eyes, dry mouth
– Chronic use can impair cognitive
function (reversible).
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Psychedelics
LO 5.9 Distinguish different types of drugs and their effects on consciousness.
• LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide-25)
– Synthesized in 1938
– Effects may stem from interference with
serotonin
• Ecstasy (MDMA)
– Stimulant and hallucinogenic
– Causes release of huge amounts of
serotonin
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